胃间质瘤内镜下黏膜剥离术后出血的危险因素分析

杨厚涞,王琦,孙华文,王秋爽,孙科明

(武汉大学人民医院 胃肠外一科,湖北 武汉 430060)

摘 要 目的: 探讨胃间质瘤内镜下黏膜剥离术(ESD)后出血的危险因素。

方法:回顾性分析武汉大学人民医院2011年2月—2017年5月124例胃间质瘤行ESD治疗患者的临床资料,采用单因素及多因素非条件Logistic回归分析胃间质瘤ESD术后出血的危险因素。

结果:纳入的124例患者中,10例(8.06%)发生术后出血。单因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,肝硬化、冠心病、陈旧性脑梗塞、房颤病史与胃间质瘤ESD术后出血明显有关(均OR>1,P<0.05)。进一步多因素Logistic回归分析表明,与肝硬化、冠心病、陈旧性脑梗塞、房颤病史是胃间质瘤ESD术后的独立危险因素(均OR>1,P<0.05)。

结论:肝硬化、冠心病、陈旧性脑梗塞、房颤病史为胃间质瘤ESD术后出血的危险因素,对于这些危险因素的患者应优化术前评估,加强术前准备与术后管理,以降低术后出血率。

关键词 胃肠道间质肿瘤;胃;手术后出血;危险因素

胃肠道间质瘤(gastrointestinal stromal tumor,GIST)是人类消化道中最常见的间充质肿瘤[1],被认为源于Cajal或其前体的间质细胞[2]。GIST可以出现在胃肠道管壁的任何地方,但在胃中尤其常见(60%~70%)[3-4]。存在于胃的称为胃的GIST,一般简称为胃间质瘤。在过去,开放手术或腹腔镜楔形切除术用来治疗胃间质瘤[5-6]。然而,内窥镜技术的快速发展提供了另一种新的治疗方法。90年代,日本将内镜黏膜下剥离术(endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD)应用于临床,逐步替代内镜下黏膜切除术(endoscopic mucosal dissection,EMR)用于治疗一些消化道病变。较EMR而言,ESD可对>2 cm的消化道黏膜及黏膜下层的病灶或者溃疡型病灶进行黏膜下剥离,获得完整的组织学标本,从而准确评估病灶切缘是否有肿瘤浸润,有利于后续治疗方案的制定[7-9]。ESD的并发症主要是出血和穿孔[10]。术中出血比较常见,可以通过电凝、钛夹夹闭血管等方法成功止血[11]。研究[11-17]认为,ESD术后出血率为1.8%~8.2%;Takizawa等[18]研究报道预防性凝固创面可见血管可以有效降低术后出血率,但术后出血率仍为3.1%。所以ESD术后出血的危险因素仍需要进一步研究。ESD术后出血的危险因素,目前国内外报道结果不尽一致,尚无相关危险因素的一致结论[11, 14, 19-21],且国内外对胃间质瘤ESD术后出血的危险因素研究较少。因此,本研究旨在探讨胃间质瘤ESD术后出血的危险因素,为良好预防胃间质瘤ESD术后出血提供参考。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

收集武汉大学人民医院2011年2月—2017年5月胃间质瘤经ESD治疗患者相应的临床病历资料、内镜资料以及病理资料。排除标准:⑴ 资料不全的患者;⑵ 未顺利完成ESD治疗的患者;⑶ 瘤体个数≥2的患者;⑷ 有肿瘤转移的患者。

1.2 器材物品准备

电子胃镜(G I F-H 2 6 0 Z,G I F-H 2 6 0 J Olympus,Japan),Olympus公司的ESG100、PSD-60高频电源设备,EVIS 260主机,含NBI功能及副注水系统,圆筒形透明帽和ST帽,钩形刀(hook knife),KD-611L IT刀、针形切开刀(needle knife)、NM-4L-1注射针、FD-410LR热活检钳、ERBE ICC200高频电刀,Olympus金属钛夹、电凝止血钳、靛胭脂、复方碘液、10%甘油和5%果糖混合的甘油果糖溶液等。

1.3 操作方法

术前常规禁食12 h,禁水6 h。气管插管全麻麻醉成功后,患者取左侧卧位,自患者口腔顺利置入胃镜。探查并找到病灶。于病灶边缘0.5 cm处电凝标记切除范围。病灶黏膜下注射甘油果糖溶液。沿标记点外缘应用针形切开刀及IT刀切开周围全部黏膜。剥离器械沿黏膜下层剥离病变。剥离的肿瘤取出后测量大小、拍照,福尔马林固定后送病理学检查。

124例患者经ESD治疗后均行胃肠持续减压,根据引流胃液量、胃液颜色及患者恢复情况酌情拔除胃管,卧床休息,抑酸护胃,营养支持等对症治疗。术后第1天复查血常规等。对于术后胃管引流出血性液体较多、呕血、黑便及便血者立即急诊胃镜检查。术后出现腹痛加重,腹部出现压痛及反跳痛者复查腹部立位X线,发现腹腔游离气体,立即行手术修补穿孔。

1.4 资料收集

收集患者的临床、内镜、病理资料,统计患者的性别、年龄、超声胃镜诊断、瘤体最大直径、肿瘤部位、肿瘤来源、瘤体个数、淋巴结转移、瘤体生长方式、手术持续时间、术后腹痛持续时间,是否合并糖尿病、高血压、肝硬化、冠心病、陈旧性脑梗塞、肾功能不全、房颤基础疾病病史等。

1.5 统计学处理

采用SPSS 20.0统计软件进行分析,计量资料以均数±标准差(±s)表示,胃间质瘤ESD术后出血相关危险因素的分析采用单因素及多因素非条件Logistic回归分析,OR>1、P<0.05为危险因素。

2 结 果

2.1 一般情况

124例患者,男5 1例,女7 3例;年龄(53.532±10.358)岁,年龄范围29~79岁;病灶均为单发,无肿瘤转移;瘤体最大直径(1.262±0.576)cm,直径范围0.5~2.5 cm。合并高血压病11例,糖尿病13例,肝硬化4例,冠心病8例,陈旧性脑梗塞3例,肾功能不全2例,房颤5例,无妊娠患者。手术持续时间(38.484±9.507)min,范围24~61 min;术后腹痛持续时间(3.3 1 5±1.03 9)d,范围2~6 d。病灶位于贲门3例,胃底8 1例,胃体3 2例,胃窦7例;外生性生长2例,内生性生长120例,混合性生长2例;瘤体来源于黏膜层2例,黏膜下层120例,肌层2例。

2.2 胃间质瘤ESD术后出血的危险因素

纳入研究的124例患者,有10例(8.06%)发生ESD术后出血。单因素Logistic回归分析结果表明,胃间质瘤ESD术后出血与肝硬化、冠心病、陈旧性脑梗塞、房颤病史有关(OR>1,P<0.05),而与患者的性别、年龄、病变部位、瘤体大小、瘤体生长方式、手术操作时间、术后腹痛持续时间、肿瘤来源无关(均P>0.05)(表1)。进一步行多因素Logistic回归分析表明,肝硬化、冠心病、陈旧性脑梗塞、房颤病史是胃间质瘤ESD术后出血的独立危险因素(OR>1,P<0.05)(表2)。

表1 胃间质瘤ESD术后出血的危险因素单因素Logistic回归分析
Table 1 Univariate Logistic regression analysis of risk factors for hemorrhage after ESD for gastric GIST

表2 胃间质瘤ESD术后出血的危险因素多因素Logistic回归分析
Table 2 Multivariate Logistic regression analysis of risk factors for hemorrhage after ESD for gastric GIST

3 讨 论

随着内镜技术的发展,很多过去由外科手术治疗的胃肠道肿瘤可以通过内镜切除。对于大多数消化道肿瘤如无转移的早期胃癌、GIST等均可行ESD治疗,且其治疗效果与外科手术相当[22]。已有研究[11-17]报道ESD术后出血率为1.8%~8.2%,本研究胃间质瘤ESD术后出血率为8.06%,与文献报道大体相似。Kim等[23]认为ESD术后出血的唯一危险因素是病灶大小。Mannen等[12]和Okada等[14]也提出大的病灶是ESD术后出血的危险因素。本研究无论从单因素回归分析还是从多因素回归分析,结果提示病灶大小与胃间质瘤ESD术后迟发性出血相关性无统计学意义(P>0.05),原因可能是本研究中胃间质瘤经ESD治疗的患者肿瘤直径均≤2.5 cm。这与Park等[24]的观点相似,他们认为,病灶>40 mm是ESD术后出血的危险因素。

Akasaka等[21]对一个大样本进行多因素回归分析,认为操作时间是胃ESD术后出血的独立危险因素。Toyokawa等[20]研究认为术后出血的主要危险因素是操作时间和年龄>80岁。他们认为:操作时间长可能会导致形成溃疡和其他不良反应;年纪大的患者易伴发基础病及机体基础情况较差。本研究经Logistic回归检验,结果提示,手术操作时间不是ESD术后出血的独立危险因素(P>0.05)。原因可能是胃间质瘤包膜较完整,且本研究中瘤体直径均≤2.5 cm,因此所需手术操作时间较短。

Miyahara等[25]研究发现位于远端胃的病灶是ESD术后出血的危险因素。而 Park等[24]则认为位于近端胃的病灶是ESD术后出血的危险因素。Yoon等[26]研究认为位于近端胃的病灶和胃后壁的病灶ESD操作所需时间延长。Chung等[27]认为位于近端胃的病灶,在ESD操作时,电刀难以完全到达粘膜下层及病灶基底,因此电刀不能按原计划控制切除方向和深度。另外,胃上部血管较下部血管直径粗,而且数量多[28-29]。本研究结果提示病变部位不是ESD术后出血的独立危险因素(P>0.05),可能的原因是本研究中胃间质瘤的好发部位刚好与易出血部位重合(都是近端胃)。

本研究结果显示,肝硬化、冠心病、陈旧性脑梗塞、房颤病史与胃间质瘤ESD术后出血明显有关(OR>1,P<0.05)。这可能的原因是这类基础疾病本身及这类疾病的治疗影响了凝血、止血功能,长期的抗凝、抗血小板治疗增加了胃间质瘤ESD术后出血的危险。Cho等[30]研究发现持续使用抗凝药会增加ESD术后出血的风险。Ojiam等[31]也报道了ESD术后出血率为3.9%,主要与抗凝药、血液透析、抗血小板药及降压药的使用相关。遗憾的是,本研究没有分析抗凝药、抗血小板药的应用对胃间质瘤ESD术后出血的影响。因此,笔者后续将进一步研究抗凝药、抗血小板药的应用对胃间质瘤ESD术后出血的影响。

此外,术者的操作经验也是促使胃间质瘤ESD术后出血发生的危险因素之一[32],理应考虑到研究分析当中;由于我院消化内镜中心所有ESD操作均由几位经验丰富的内镜操作医师完成,ESD顺利完成量均超过百例,组间无明显差异,因此也未作为研究因素进行分析。

综上所述,肝硬化、冠心病、陈旧性脑梗塞、房颤病史为胃间质瘤ESD术后出血的危险因素,所以对于该类患者术中与术后应给予重视。ESD操作难度大,手术时间长等出血风险较大的患者,应该加强术后管理,降低术后出血率。同时应该优化术前评估、术前准备以降低术后出血率。因为本研究属于回顾性研究,存在一定的局限性,所以尚需进一步研究其他相关因素。

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Analysis of risk factors for bleeding after endoscopic submucosal dissection for gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors

YANG Houlai, WANG Qi, SUN Huawen, WANG Qiushuang, SUN Keming

(The First Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China)

Abstract Objective:To investigate the risk factors for bleeding after endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) in treatment of gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST).Methods:The clinical data of 124 patients with gastric GIST undergoing ESD from February 2011 to May 2017 in Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University were retrospectively analyzed.The risk factors for hemorrhage after ESD for gastric GIST were determined by univariate and multivariate unconditional logistic regression analysis.Results: Of the 124 patients enrolled,postoperative bleeding occurred in 10 cases (8.06%).Results of the univariate logistic regression analysis showed that histories of liver cirrhosis,coronary heart disease,old brain infarcts and atrial fi brillation were signi fi cantly associated with bleeding after ESD for gastric GIST (all OR>1,P<0.05);further multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that histories of liver cirrhosis,coronary heart disease,old brain infarcts and atrial fi brillation were independent risk factors for bleeding after ESD for gastric GIST (all OR>1,P<0.05).

Conclusion:The histories of liver cirrhosis,coronary heart disease,old brain infarcts and atrial fi brillation are risk factors for bleeding after ESD for gastric GIST.Therefore,the preoperative assessment should be optimized and the pre- and postoperative management should be enhanced in patients with these risk factors,so as to reduce the incidence of postoperative bleeding.

Key words Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors;Stomach;Postoperative Hemorrhage;Risk Factors

CLC number: R735.2

中图分类号:R735.2

doi:10.3978/j.issn.1005-6947.2017.10.013

http://dx.doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.1005-6947.2017.10.013

Chinese Journal of General Surgery,2017,26(10):1304-1309.

基金项目:国家自然科学基金资助项目(81170368)。

收稿日期:2017-06-24;

修订日期:2017-09-16。

作者简介:杨厚涞,武汉大学人民医院硕士研究生,主要从事炎症性肠病方面的研究。

通信作者:王琦, Email:qiw@whu.edu.cn

book=1308,ebook=87

(本文编辑 宋涛)

本文引用格式:杨厚涞,王琦,孙华文,等.胃间质瘤内镜下黏膜剥离术后出血的危险因素分析[J].中国普通外科杂志,2017,26(10):1304-1309.doi:10.3978/j.issn.1005-6947.2017.10.013

Cite this article as:Yang HL,Wang Q,Sun HW,et al.Analysis of risk factors for bleeding after endoscopic submucosal dissection for gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors[J].Chin J Gen Surg,2017,26(10):1304-1309.doi:10.3978/j.issn.1005-6947.2017.10.013