肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的综合治疗

王昊,李亭,贺志军

(中南大学湘雅二医院 普外器官移植科,湖南 长沙 410000)

摘 要 食道胃底静脉曲张破裂出血是肝硬化的严重致死性并发症之一。门脉压力增高与食道胃底曲张静脉破损是其发生的必备条件及主要风险因素,其临床治疗方法涉及药物、内镜、介入、手术及肝移植,优势各异。笔者从门静脉压力、曲张静脉破损及肝功能损害等风险因素控制的角度,分析评估了目前其各种临床治疗方法的临床效果及作用机制。控制单一风险因素的治疗方法的临床效果往往有限,而对多种风险因素进行联合控制的综合治疗方案具有较好的临床疗效。内镜结合脾动脉主干栓塞的联合治疗方案具备优于其它治疗方案的理论优势。

关键词 肝硬化;高血压,门静脉;食管和胃静脉曲张;脾动脉;栓塞,治疗性;综述文献

肝炎后肝硬化所致的门静脉阻力增大及血流量增多,可导致肝门静脉系统压力上升,引发食管下段、胃底交通支开放,形成静脉曲张。这些曲张的静脉位于黏膜下,在经受胃酸反流腐蚀、腹压增高、机械损伤等情况时便可引起致命性的食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血(esophagogastric variceal bleeding,EVB),其是肝硬化门脉高压症(portal hypertension,PH)患者的的重要致死原因[1] 。据研究,大多数慢性肝病肝硬化患者都有发生食管胃底静脉曲张(gastroesophageal varices,GOV)的可能,既往未出现静脉曲张的PH患者以每年8%的速度发展为静脉曲张,且其发生率与肝功能水平密切相关,约40%的Child-Pugh A级患者和85%的Child-Pugh C级患者发生食管胃底静脉曲张[2]。GOV患者发生肝功能失代偿及死亡风险均明显高于未发现GOV患者[3],因EVB而死亡人数约占肝硬化患者总死亡人数的30%[4]。因此,对肝硬化患者EVB的控制和有效预防在肝硬化的治疗及病死率的控制中具有非常重要意义。

肝硬化门脉高压EVB发生的主要风险因素有:门静脉压力增高、食管胃底黏膜破损和肝功能失代偿导致的凝血功能异常[5-6],其中门静脉压力增高和食管胃底黏膜破损是肝硬化患者EVB发生的必要条件。降低门脉压力和保护并处理曲张静脉可有效地控制出血并预防复发,而对患者肝功能储备的维护则影响其长期预后。因此,笔者从降低门脉压力、保护并处理食管胃底曲张静脉以及改善肝功能这三个方面来评价各种临床处理手段的临床贡献。

1 降低门脉压力

1.1 相关血管活性药物

腹内脏器的高血流灌注状态是肝硬化门脉高压形成的重要原因之一[7-8],因此,应用血管活性药物调整内脏血流动力学状态是临床降低门脉压力的重要治疗手段。

1.1.1 非选择性β受体阻滞剂 非选择性β受体阻滞剂(nonselective β-blockers,NSBB)如普萘洛尔,通过非选择性阻断β1、β2受体,使心率及心输出量降低,同时舒张内脏血管,从而降低门静脉压力,降低静脉曲张患者出血风险。但研究表明其降低门脉压力作用有限,平均程度在15%左右[9-10]。其对于GOV的形成无明显预防作用,且长期服用有导致哮喘发作、低血压、窦性心动过缓等不良反应风险[11]。卡维地洛作为一种新型NBSS,同时具有α1受体阻断作用,可降低肝内血管张力和阻力[12],且可通过抗血管生成作用延缓肝硬化进展过程[13]。一项系统回顾研究[10]显示:卡维地洛对肝静脉压力梯度的降低作用明显大于普萘洛尔等其他NBSS。但该药物目前在国内应用较少,其有效性及安全性有待进一步证实。

近期的临床指导建议使用NSBB作为PH所致EVB一级预防(首次出血)和二级预防(再次出血)的主要药物[14]。但在一级预防中,NBSS不推荐用于无GOV及轻度GOV患者[15],研究表明预防性使用NBSS患者发生腹水及肝性脑病比例、首次出血率及病死率与对照组均无明显差异且不良反应较多。中重度GOV患者则推荐使用,对于出血的预防效果与内镜下曲张静脉套扎术(endoscopic variceal ligation,EVL)相当[16]。NBSS因其对体循环的降压作用不推荐用于急性出血期。在二级预防中,近年来研究表明NBSS可能增加Child-Pugh C级患者病死率[17],因此仅推荐用于Child-Pugh A/B级患者再出血的预防。

1.1.2 血管加压素及其类似物 血管加压素及其类似物主要通过直接收缩内脏血管,收缩肝动脉,减少门脉血流量,降低肝窦内血压,进而降低门静脉压力,且可增加肾脏灌注,改善肝肾综合征。在EVB患者开展内镜治疗之前就应尽早使用,其缩血管治疗能加强止血效果,并能降低患者的7 d病死率[18]。但同时由于其收缩全身内脏血管作用,慎用于高血压患者,且有致心肌梗死等严重并发症风险[19]。该类药物是临床上最早使用降低门脉压的药物,近年来研究[20]表明,该类药物与生长抑素及其类似物在控制EVB中疗效相似,由于其对系统血流动力学干扰较大,临床上主要用于急性出血期降低门脉压力。

1.1.3 生长抑素及其类似物 可通过收缩肠系膜血管,降低门脉血流及门脉压力[21-22]。生长抑素可抑制多种胃肠激素的分泌,其中胰高血糖素和内皮素与门脉高压密切相关,作为内脏血管扩张剂同其他生物因子一同促成了门脉高动力循环[23-24]。杨文燕等[25]的研究表明,长效奥曲肽通过降低门脉高压患者增高的血浆胰高血糖素和内皮素水平,减少门脉系统血流,降低门脉压,并可一定程度上延缓肝组织损害及门脉高动力循环形成。Cirera等[26]的研究结果显示:连续输注生长抑素(250或500 μg/h)无全身效应,但显著降低了肝静脉压梯度(-6.1%,-15%)和肝血流(-10%,-18%),注射500 μg/h后,奇静脉血流量减少(-23%)。长效生长抑素及其类似物可有效降低门脉压力,而且对系统血流动力学副作用小,在临床上广泛用于EVB的控制和预防。

1.1.4 硝酸酯类药物 硝酸酯类如单硝酸异山梨醇酯,通过释放一氧化氮,松弛动脉平滑肌,扩张动脉使血压下降,反射性地引起内脏血管收缩,减少门静脉血流,同时扩张静脉系统,松弛门脉侧支,降低心脏前负荷,刺激心肺压力感受器,反射性地引起内脏血管收缩,从而降低门静脉压力。Bellis等[27]的研究表明单硝酸异山梨酯能够抵抗餐后门静脉压力的升高,而对动脉血压仅有轻度影响。但该类药物扩血管作用可引起低血压等不良反应,故较少应用于一级预防。硝酸酯类药物与β受体阻滞剂等其他药物联合使用疗效较优,门静脉压力下降幅度较单用药物明显,且可减少不良反应发生,可用于EVB二级预防,降低病死率[28-29]

1.2 介入治疗

介入治疗是近年来发展较快的治疗手段,因其创伤小的特点在临床上被广泛应用。肝硬化门脉高压的介入治疗主要包括经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt,TIPS)、脾部分栓塞术(partial splenic embolization,P S E)、脾动脉主干栓塞术(splenic artery trunk embolization,SATE)、经皮经肝胃冠状静脉栓塞术、球囊导管闭塞下逆行性静脉栓塞术等[30]。经皮经肝胃冠状静脉栓塞术和球囊导管闭塞下逆行性静脉栓塞术由于其并发症较多,适应证窄等原因,目前临床使用较少。

1.2.1 经颈静脉肝内门体分流术 该方法经颈静脉穿刺在门静脉和肝静脉间置入支架,使高压的门静脉血流直接经此通道进入低压的肝静脉。该方法的成功率和有效率均可达到90%以上[31-34]。一项临床研究显示:该术式可立即降低门静脉压力(57±14)%[32]。TIPS可迅速控制急性出血,且术后静脉曲张再出血显著减少[35]。研究[36]表明出血后早期(72 h内)使用TIPS可使病死率降低25%,且可减少肝硬化患者腹水产生[37]。但是,由于有部分门静脉血流经分流通道直接进入体循环,这部分血液内的有毒物质未经肝脏代谢, 导致患者术后肝性脑病的发生率高达20%~35%[38],而且,TIPS术后肝脏的有效血流灌注明显减少,会加重肝功能失代偿,增加肝功能失代偿肝硬化患者的病死率[39-40]。同时,研究[41]表明:金属裸支架置入后的血管内皮细胞增生导致分流道狭窄或闭塞而造成的GOV再次出血也是TIPS术后的另一个主要临床问题。临床上通过控制支架直径和应用覆膜支架可一定程度减少其相关术后并发症发生[42-43]。在二级预防中TIPS与各种形式的内镜治疗相比,术后复发出血风险降低了3倍以上。植入TIPS后再出血的比率为9%~40.6%,而继续单独内镜治疗的再出血率为20.5%~60.6%[44],说明门脉压力的降低在控制急性出血和预防出血发生中作用重大。Zheng等[45]的一项Mate分析显示:TIPS虽可显著减少GOV再出血的发生,但术后患者肝性脑病等并发症发生率增加,该组患者和内镜治疗组之间的全因病死率相似。由于TIPS对肝功能的不良影响及其术后高的并发症发生率,其在肝功能失代偿患者的应用受到限制,但其可用于Child-Pugh A/B级患者在药物、内镜治疗失败后的挽救性治疗[46]

1.2.2 脾部分栓塞术 PSE是通过介入栓塞脾内动脉使部分脾梗死,减少脾实质对外周血细胞的破坏,主要用于缓解临床脾功能亢进症状[47]。同时,它可因脾动脉血流量减少而降低门静脉压力[48]。临床上有将其联合食道胃底静脉套扎术用于EVB的控制和预防[49-51]。但是,由于PSE术后部分脾脏的急性梗死,临床上其术后并发症发生率较高,且程度较为严重,如腹膜炎、脾脓肿、肺炎及胸腔积液及门静脉血栓等[52-57]。这些问题使PSE在肝硬化EVB患者的应用有所限制,特别对于Child-Pugh C级的肝硬化患者。

1.2.3 脾动脉主干栓塞术 脾动脉是门静脉的主要血供来源之一。早期的研究发现:肝硬化患者的脾动脉代偿性增粗导致脾静脉回流血量增加,是门脉高压形成的重要原因之一[58]。脾动脉血流占门脉血流来源的40%~50%以上[59]。脾动脉主干栓塞术不同于脾部分栓塞术,它是通过介入技术在脾动脉主干内植入弹簧圈或球囊,在胰背动脉开口的远端与脾门血管的近端之间完全阻断脾动脉主干血流,主要用于脾损伤止血、脾动脉盗血和降低门脉压力[60-61]。王承恩等[62]研究表明:SATE可明显减少门脉高压患者的门静脉血流量,并增加肝动脉供血;患者SATE术后的脾亢、肝功能状态及食道胃底静脉曲张程度均得到改善。由于SATE术后脾脏还可以通过脾门部小的侧支循环动脉获得少量动脉血供,脾脏的梗死进程得以减缓,临床术后并发症的发生率及严重程度较PSE均明显减低和减轻,短期及长期预后均明显优于PSE[63-65]。Li等[66]进行了一项对肝硬化失代偿的患者在肝移植术前进行SATE序惯治疗的前瞻性临床研究,结果表明SATE可明显降低门静脉压力并促使门脉侧支循环关闭,增加肝动脉血供改善患者肝功能状态,且术后并发症轻微,可安全地应用于Child-Pugh C级的肝硬化患者,并可明显缩短患者的肝移植手术时间,减少术中出血、术后腹水及其它术后并发症的发生。在应用SATE治疗门脉高压、脾功能亢进的临床实践中发现:SATE具有门脉降压效果显著、技术简便、术后并发症少而轻、可改善患者肝功能状态和不受肝功能储备限制等优点。王林安[67]对14例肝硬化EVB患者应用SATE进行治疗,取得了极佳的止血及预防再次出血的临床效果,提示SATE是一种非常有效的EBV控制及预防的临床治疗手段。但目前尚未见将SATE应用于EVB急诊治疗及预防的其他大宗病例报道,其相关临床价值有必要通过进一步对比性研究进行全面评估。

1.3 常规手术治疗

常规的外科手术术式有:分流术和断流术。分流术是通过手术建立门静脉系统与腔静脉系统通道达到降低门脉压力为目的,包括非选择性门体分流术、选择性门体分流术。多用于控制急性出血。非选择性门体分流术虽然可有效降低门脉压力,但同时显著减少了门脉的入肝血流及肝脏的有效血流灌注,易诱发肝性脑病及肝功能衰竭,且在术中破坏了第一肝门的解剖结构,增加了日后肝移植的手术难度[68]。选择性门腔分流术式的要点在于选择适当的部位和小分流口径,通过合适的门体静脉分流,达到部分降低门静脉压力的目的,代表术式为远端脾肾静脉分流术[69]。该术式目的是选择性地减压食管胃和脾区,同时保持肠系膜门静脉向肝脏的血流[70]。既可防止食管、胃底曲张静脉再次破裂出血,同时又可维持高于正常的门静脉压力来减少肝性脑病发生。但分流手术相对复杂,急诊手术病死率高,不适用于Child-Pugh C级患者。断流术的经典术式为贲门周围血管离断联合脾切除术。由于脾脏切除后脾静脉血流减少,门静脉压力下降,同时术中离断了食管胃底的静脉侧支,手术止血率高[71]。腹腔镜贲门周围血管离断联合脾切除术相对开放手术在减少手术损伤及相关并发症方面具有优势[72]。许斌[73]应用手助腹腔镜技术治疗肝硬化门静脉高压症,效果良好。该术式保留了腹腔镜手术创伤小的优势,而手术难度和风险更低。断流术具有止血效果好、手术简单的优点,但脾脏的损失可能带来患者日后发生严重感染性疾病的风险,且门静脉系统血栓形成可能性显著增加,可造成肝前性阻塞,进一步加重门脉高压[74]。乔自勇等[75]的对比性研究表明:脾动脉及胃冠状静脉主干结扎手术治疗EVB,在病死率、手术损伤、技术难度等方面相对贲门周围血管离断联合脾切除术具有明显优势,而在脾亢及止血方面两者疗效相似。Zilberstein等[76]应用腹腔镜下食道胃底周围血管离断联合脾动脉主干结扎的手术方式治疗EVB也取得了良好的治疗效果。而Helmy等[77]采用腹腔镜下单纯食道胃底周围血管离断术治疗EVB,则临床效果欠佳,再出血达33%(6/18)。说明为减少损伤而对断流术进行保留脾脏的技术改良,在临床上可行,但结扎脾动脉主干的技术环节不能忽视。由于肝硬化EVB患者的肝功能储备往往不足,术后并发症发生率及病死率较高,理想的手术方式是能有效地控制出血,且对机体及肝功能损害最小。通常各种手术治疗仅用于内镜套扎及硬化剂注射等内科治疗失败或因条件所限无法进行介入治疗的Child-Pugh A/B级患者[78];对于Child-Pugh C级患者,不宜选择用于EVB治疗[79]

2 黏膜保护及食道胃底曲张静脉的处理

2.1 相关药物

食道和胃的黏膜是食道胃底黏膜下曲张血管的重要保护屏障。胃镜下的黏膜红斑征提示黏膜的破损,是肝硬化门脉高压患者发生EVB的高风险征象。应用药物对食道及胃黏膜的进行保护对于防止EVB的发生有着重要作用。临床常用的相关药物有质子泵抑制剂、H2受体阻滞剂和胃黏膜保护剂。质子泵抑制剂和H2受体阻滞剂能提高胃内pH值,保护胃黏膜,促进血小板聚集和纤维蛋白凝块的形成,避免血凝块过早溶解,有利于止血和预防再出血[80]。胃黏膜保护剂可在胃黏膜表面形成保护膜,减轻胃酸对受损黏膜组织的破坏,达到保护黏膜的目的。他们均可用于EVB的预防和控制。

2.2 内镜治疗

随着内窥镜治疗技术的发展,临床上可通过内镜下静脉曲张套扎、硬化剂注射等方法对已形成的曲张静脉进行积极主动处理,极大地提高了肝硬化门脉高压食管胃底静脉曲张出血患者的治疗效果。EVL及内镜下硬化剂注射(endoscopic injection sclerosis,EIS)通过直接处理黏膜下曲张静脉,达到有效控制肝硬化患者EVB的目的[81-82]。内镜治疗是目前各国指南针对食管静脉曲张主要的推荐治疗措施[83]。对于急性出血,EVL和EIS的止血率可达90%~95%,能有效降低再出血率,但大出血时操作难度大[84]。EVL术需分多次进行,每2~4周进行1次,直到静脉曲张消除,从而达到止血和预防再出血的目的。但其术后坏死脱痂期有发生大出血风险,还有发生疼痛、食管溃疡、穿孔等并发症可能。与常规外科手术方法相比,EVL和EIS具有明显的优势:适应证宽、操作方便、止血成功率高且并发症少。但肝硬化患者门脉高压状态的持续存在可导致曲张静脉的复发,影响其远期治疗效果,需定期观察,反复套扎。

3 改善肝功能储备状态

对于肝硬化患者,目前还缺乏有效的药物治疗逆转肝脏的纤维化进程,明显改善肝硬化带来的肝功能储备不足的状态。在现有的各种EVB治疗方法中,脾切除术、部分脾栓塞术及脾动脉主干栓塞术均可一定程度地改善患者的肝功能储备状态,其机理可能与脾动脉血流阻断后肝动脉血流增加有关[59,66]。而各种类型的分流手术因其减少了肝脏的有效血流灌注,皆有损于肝功能的储备,不利于患者的长期预后[39-40,68]。肝移植是目前最有效的EVB终极处理手段,技术上已日趋成熟,它可同时从根本上解决肝硬化和门脉高压的问题。但由于费用大、技术要求高、供体来源困难及免疫抑制相关问题的存在,主要用于肝功能失代偿患者的根治性治疗[85-86]

4 综合治疗

4.1 内镜与药物联合治疗

内镜治疗能通过套扎或栓塞出血静脉,有效地控制曲张静脉的破裂出血,而药物治疗可降低门脉压力。两者的结合有可能带来比单一治疗更好的临床效果。EVL与NBSS联合应用是否可降低患者出血及死亡等不良结局发生率仍存在争议,Puente等[87]的一项纳入了5项随机临床试验、476例患者的Mate分析显示,EVL与NBSS或硝酸酯类药物联合使用可降低再出血风险并使总体病死率呈现下降趋势,而并无显著增加并发症发生率。而有研究则认为联合用药不能降低患者首次出血或死亡风险,且不良反应发生率较高,但可降低GOV的复发率。

4.2 内镜与介入联合治疗

介入手术可通过TIPS或减少脾动脉血流(PSE/SATE)来大幅降低门脉压力。临床研究[88-89]表明对于早期TIPS结合内镜治疗可明显改善EVB患者的治疗成功率及预后。也有研究[90]提示早期TIPS结合内镜治疗可有效防止EVB的复发,但对生存率无改善。TIPS的技术相关的严重并发症及禁忌证限制了其临床应用[91-94]。PSE联合内镜技术治疗EVB可有效地控制急性出血和预防再出血的发生[53]。其对于TIPS无法实施的患者也可带来良好的临床效果[95]。Taniai等[49]研究了接受EVL和PSE联合治疗的患者与单独使用EVL或单独使用EIS治疗的患者术后6个月、1年和2年的GOV复发率,结果表明联合治疗组复发率明显低于EVL或EIS单独治疗组[50]。Murata等[51]在对PSE术后患者进行了为期1年的随访,研究结果显示,PSE术后1年内患者胆碱酯酶、总胆固醇、总蛋白、白蛋白和凝血酶原时间均得到了持续改善。尽管PSE具有技术简单、预防和止血效果显著等优点,但其极高的并发症发生率及较为严重的发生程度使其临床应用有所限制,特别对于Child-Pugh C级患者[96-97]。而与PSE相比较,SATE同样具有技术简单,能迅速降低门脉压力,对EVB控制和预防疗效显著的优点,且其并发症严重程度轻微,易于耐受,可安全地应用于Child分级C级的患者[64, 66-67, 97]。尽管目前在临床上还未见将其与内镜治疗联合应用于EVB控制和预防的临床报道,但脾动脉主干栓塞与内镜治疗相结合的联合治疗方案在理论上具备可迅速降低门脉压力及闭塞黏膜下曲张静脉的优势,且能一定程度改善患者的肝功能储备状态,并不受Child分级的限制。有必要对该联合治疗方案的临床疗效进行进一步的对比性研究。

4.3 手术与内镜联合治疗

基于有效止血、减少损伤、保护肝脏功能的EVB手术方式治疗原则,常规的分流术及断流术逐步退让于腹腔镜下的脾动脉结扎联合食道胃底周围血管离断术。Colaneri等[98]应用腹腔镜脾动脉及胃左静脉结扎联合术后内镜套扎治疗门脉高压EVB患者,平均随访84个月,远期预防效果良好,提示降低门脉压力的手术方式与内镜处理食道胃底曲张静脉相结合,能有效保证临床治疗效果。

5 结论及展望

由于内镜治疗对肝硬化EVB患者的止血成功率在90%以上,而对于内镜治疗失败的病例,应用介入治疗的成功率及有效率也超过90%,且该类患者对手术治疗耐受力有限等原因,常规手术治疗在肝硬化EVB患者的适应证明显缩窄,仅用于内镜及介入治疗失败或相关技术缺乏医院的患者。能同时有效控制门脉压力并处理曲张静脉的综合治疗方案的临床疗效良好。内镜结合脾动脉主干栓塞的联合治疗方案具备优于其它治疗方案的理论优势。肝移植是EVB的根治性治疗手段。依据患者的肝功能代偿状态,采用药物、内镜、介入、常规手术以及肝移植等各种方法进行联合和序惯治疗,可为肝硬化门脉高压EVB患者提供较为完整的治疗方案。

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Comprehensive treatment of esophogastric variceal bleeding secondary to liver cirrhosis

WANG Hao, LI Ting, HE Zhijun
(Division of Organ Transplantation, Department of General Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410000,China)

Abstract Esophogastric variceal bleeding is one of the severe and lethal complications of liver cirrhosis, and portal hypertension and esophogastric variceal vein damage are essential and main risk factors for its occurrence. Its clinical treatment includes medications, endoscopic or interventional therapy, surgery and liver transplantation,each with specific advantages. From the perspectives of control of the risk factors such as portal vein pressure,varicose vein damage and liver function injury, the authors analyzed and evaluated the clinical effect and mechanism of various clinical treatment methods. The clinical effect of single risk factor control is often limited,while the combined treatment for multiple control of the risk factors has better clinical efficacy. Furthermore,endoscopy combined with splenic arterial trunk embolization has theoretical advantages over other treatment options.

Key words Liver Cirrhosis; Hypertension, Portal; Esophageal and Gastric Varices; Splenic Artery; Embolization, Therapeutic;Review

中图分类号:R657.3

doi:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.2019.01.015

http://dx.doi.org/10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.2019.01.015

Chinese Journal of General Surgery, 2019, 28(1):107-116.

基金项目: 湖南省科技厅科技计划基金资助项目(2016JJ3165)。

收稿日期:2018-11-09;

修订日期:2018-12-14。

作者简介:王昊,中南大学湘雅二医院硕士研究生,主要从事肝脏疾病及肝移植临床与基础方面的研究。

通信作者:贺志军, Email:168212255@csu.edu.cn

CLC number:R657.3

(本文编辑 姜晖)

本文引用格式:王昊, 李亭, 贺志军. 肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的综合治疗[J]. 中国普通外科杂志, 2019, 28(1):107-116.doi:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.2019.01.015

Cite this article as: Wang H, Li T, He ZJ. Comprehensive treatment of esophogastric variceal bleeding secondary to liver cirrhosis[J]. Chin J Gen Surg, 2019, 28(1):107-116. doi:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.2019.01.015