·临床研究·

胰腺多形性未分化肉瘤:病例报告与文献回顾

王子航,孟兴凯,张俊晶

(内蒙古医科大学附属医院 肝胆外科,内蒙古 呼和浩特 010000)

摘 要 背景与目的: 多形性未分化肉瘤(UPS),既往称为恶性纤维组织细胞瘤(MFH)是一种间叶源性恶性肿瘤,占所有软组织肉瘤的20%以上,多发生于四肢、躯干及腹膜后。发生于胰腺的UPS 极为罕见。国内、外虽有报道,但多以个案形式报道,缺少大宗病例资料分析。本研究就笔者团队诊治的1 例胰腺UPS 患者,结合文献,探讨其临床特点、诊疗及预后。方法: 回顾分析内蒙古医科大学附属医院肝胆外科诊治的1 例胰腺UPS 患者的临床资料,同时检索国内外数据库中的相关文献资料,将同类病例资料汇总分析。结果: 共32 例(笔者单位1 例加文献报告病例31 例)纳入研究,其中男20 例,女12 例;中位年龄54.6(22~74)岁。按病理类型分为:巨细胞型9 例,黏液型5 例,多形性型18 例;按发生部位分为:胰头13 例,胰体尾12 例,胰体3 例,胰尾2 例,全胰腺2 例。术前诊断为胰腺癌8 例,胰腺肿物及占位6 例,假性囊肿4 例,囊腺瘤4 例,胰腺肿瘤3 例,间质肿瘤1 例,纤维肉瘤1 例,炎性病变1 例,未提及术前诊断4 例。临床表现大多表现为快速软组织肿块进行性增大,常伴有压迫症状,可伴有恶心呕吐,上腹部不适、腹胀,体质量减轻或黄疸。所有患者的术前诊断中无正确诊断。32 例均行手术治疗,围术期死亡1 例,总生存期15.3 个月。结论: 胰腺UPS 为高度恶性肿瘤,无明显特异性临床表现,极易发生转移及复发,预后差。早期、完整切除肿瘤以获得R0 切除是手术治疗的核心,但是由于胰腺UPS 的特殊组织生物学行为,在部分病例中即使施行广泛切除或根治性切除,仍不能避免肿瘤局部复发或远处转移。术后给予放化疗有可能能够改善患者的生存。

关键词 胰腺肿瘤/诊断;胰腺肿瘤/治疗;组织细胞瘤,恶性纤维;预后

多形性未分化肉瘤(undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma,UPS),既往称为恶性纤维组织细胞瘤(malignant fibrous histiocytoma,MFH)是一种间叶源性恶性肿瘤,占所有软组织肉瘤的20%以上,多发生于四肢、躯干及腹膜后[1]。发生于胰腺的UPS极为罕见。国内、外虽有报道,但多以个案形式报道,缺少大宗病例资料进行分析。现就内蒙古医科大学附属医院肝胆外科收治的1例胰腺UPS并结合国内外文献以探讨其诊疗与预后。

1 资料与方法

1.1 病例资料

患者 男 42岁,既往体健,以“反复上腹部疼痛2月余”入院。入院辅助检查:肿瘤标记物:CEA 0.60 ng/mL,CA1-99 24.46 ng/mL,CA-125 7.00 ng/mL,入院时血红蛋白,凝血,生化,肝功正常。腹部增强CT(图1A):胰腺体部占位,考虑良性可能。上腹部MRI(图1B-C)提示:胰腺颈部可见一类圆形长T1、混杂T2信号影,DWI呈不均匀高信号影,大小约3.4 cm×3.1 cm,病变边界尚清,增强扫描:病变成轻度不均匀强化。主胰管通畅,未见扩张。

完善术前准备后于2018年3月13日行剖腹探查及肿瘤切除术,术中超声刀离断胃结肠韧带后,胰腺上方第17组淋巴结肿大,直径约为1.5 cm,完整切除后送病理。肠系膜上动脉 左侧胰腺中段实质可见肿物,直径约3.5 cm,胰腺肿物远侧胰腺实质质硬,考虑为胰腺炎所致,胰头处实质质软,未触及异常。距肿物近、远端1 cm处完整切除肿物后送快速冰冻切片2次 ,均考虑为交界性肿瘤,术中与家属沟通后,行胰腺中段切除术、胰肠双吻合术[2](图2) 。术后淋巴结石蜡切片及免疫组化显示:(第17组淋巴结)淋巴组织增生,部分结构有破坏。苏木精-伊红染色法(HE)(图3A)及免疫组化结果支持UPS诊断,并侵袭神经纤维。 考虑患者年轻、肿瘤恶性程度高,加之其他方式方法缺乏或效果不明确,与家属沟通后,加行手术区域扩大切除术。于术后1个月再次行胰体尾联合脾脏切除术,二次术后4个月因肿瘤复发转移死亡(图3B)。

1.2 文献回顾

检索Pubmed、万方数据库,以“胰腺”、“恶性纤维组织细胞瘤或多形性未分化肉瘤”为检索词,经过查重,剩余31篇[1, 3-32]。其中男19例,女12例;中位年龄55.1岁,按病理类型分为:巨细胞型9例,黏液型5例,多形性型17例。按发生部位则分为:胰头1 3 例,胰体尾1 2 例,胰体2 例,胰尾2 例,全胰腺2 例(表1)。其临床表现大多表现为软组织肿块进行性增大,进展较快,常伴有压迫症状,可伴有恶心呕吐,上腹部不适、腹胀,体质量减轻;根据肿瘤的发生部位,可伴有黄疸。

图1 术前影像学资料 A:上腹部CT 示胰腺体部占位,考虑良性可能(红色箭头示肿瘤位置);B:T1WI 可见胰颈部一类圆形病变,边界尚清(红色箭头示肿瘤位置);C:T2WI 可见胰颈部一类圆形病变,边界尚清,增强扫描呈不均匀强化的占位(红色箭头示肿瘤位置)
Figure 1 Preoperative imaging data A: Upper abdominal CT scan showing occupying lesion in the body of the pancreas, which considered to be a benign lesion (the red arrow showing the tumor); B: A round-like lesion in the neck of pancreas from T1WI, with a relatively clear boundary (the red arrow showing the tumor); C: A round-like lesion in the neck of pancreas from T2WI, with a relatively clear boundary, and heterogeneous enhancement displayed by the enhanced scanning (the red arrow showing the tumor)

图2 手术方法示意图 A:胰腺中段切除术;B:胰肠双吻合术
Figure 2 Schematic pictures of the procedure A: Middle segment pancreatectomy; B: Side-to-side anastomosis of the jejunal loop with the remaining pancreatic head and pancreatic body

图3 术后资料 A:胰腺病理切片(HE×400);B:肝脏的多发转移瘤
Figure 3 Postoperative data A: Pathological section of pancreatic tissue (HE ×400); B: Multiple liver metastases

表1 32 例胰腺UPS 患者的临床资料
Table 1 Clinical data of the 32 patients with pancreatic UPS

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2 讨 论

UPS曾被称为MFH,指具有席纹状或车辐状排列生长方式的、由组织细胞分化而来的一组软组织肿瘤[33]。发生在胰腺上的UPS罕见。正如前言所述,大多以个案报道形式展现,通过检索权威数据库,加上我院病例共有32例,其起源、发病机制至今不明,相信随着病例数积累,会逐渐揭开UPS的神秘面纱。

原发于胰腺的UPS病理特征与机体其他部位的UPS的相同。大多数病例多以多形性肿瘤为主,以细胞学和细胞核多形性为特征。其中多形性,纤维母细胞,组织细胞样细胞和异型巨细胞以不同比例混合存在[3 0]。2 0 0 2 世界卫生组织将M F H在病理学上分为3类:⑴ 多形性型;⑵ 炎性型;⑶ 巨细胞型,并将黏液样型从中剔除[34]。本组数据显示,多形性型18例(56%),巨细胞型9例(28%),黏液样型5例(16%)。胰腺UPS临床表现多样,无特异性,这已在发表的文献里得到支持。影像学检查尤其是腹部CT检查和腹部MRI的检查有助于肿块的定位,其他检查如B超、X线等应用受限,纵观文献报道,结合本院病例,影像学表现是无特征性的,影响疾病的正确诊断,32例患者中术前无1例考虑胰腺UPS。我院腹部增强CT:胰腺体部占位,考虑良性。上腹部MRI提示:考虑胰颈部囊腺瘤。而文献回顾每一个病例都有个各自的影像学特点。所以,胰腺UPS在没有获取组织前诊断较为困难,这也可能和其他成分复杂、比例不同有关。

病理组织学检查仍是确诊该病的金标准,B超引导下穿刺活检术可提高术前诊断的准确性[35]。但为防止肿瘤的扩散和针头植入,不建议常规进行术前活检。对于不能手术,需要放疗或化疗的患者,可进行穿刺行病理学检查[36] 。免疫组织化学检查主要作用是帮助排除其他常见肉瘤。主要与原发于胰腺的UPS相做鉴别[24, 35, 37-38]:⑴ 脂肪肉瘤;⑵ 平滑肌肉瘤;⑶ 神经母细胞瘤。上述的肿瘤均有特异性的标志物,可以通过免疫组化相作鉴别。对于免疫组化有必要指出的是,波形蛋白(vimentin)为间叶细胞的肿瘤标记物,而组织细胞性标志物(如a1-AT、lysozyme、CD68)对UPS诊断帮助意义则不大[35]。然而陈涛等[39]在报道指出了,对于波形蛋白及巨噬细胞(CD68)则是诊断UPS的极为重要的标志物,结合我院该患者免疫组化波形蛋白(弥漫3+)及CD68均显示为阳性,也支持陈等的观点。

国内外对于手术切除方式、术后是否进行放化疗及放化疗的疗效如何也未有相关的报道。有研究[40]认为:UPS属于软组织肉瘤,其具有局部浸润性生长、容易复发、区域淋巴结和血行转移相对较少的独特生物学行为,而在胰腺原发UPS可遵循软组织肉瘤的治疗原则,但我们从现有的病例发现,胰腺UPS可能恶性程度更高于其他部位的,这可能与胰腺本身环境有关。现有病例生存期最短4个月,是来自笔者单位患者,该患者生存时间较短的原因,笔者考虑由于以下几点因素造成:⑴ 未在术前行内镜超声引导穿刺病检,肿瘤型不类明确;⑵ 术中肿瘤的肉眼观及冰冻结果无法准确辨别肿瘤类型;⑶ 首次手术不彻底,未进行根治性切除;⑷ 二次手术前未进行详细的评估是否全身治疗或多学科讨论。手术选择的方式根据肿物所在的位置而定,位于胰头部选择胰腺十二指肠切除,位于胰体尾部选择胰体尾联合脾脏切除,全胰腺都有应选择全胰切除。笔者角度,不建议肿物局部切除,早期、完整切除,对于非胰头肿瘤以获得R 0切除应是手术治疗的核心。笔者资料中首先采取胰腺中段切除,初衷是考虑患者年轻,保留胰腺功能,加之术前影像学检查、术中2次冷冻快速病检报告支持良性或者低度恶性诊断,故行使胰腺中段切除、胰肠双吻合术。术后石蜡切片、免疫组化确诊时,患者再次手术已然发生转移,给我们留下了过多思考。

对于胰腺UPS治疗,关键在于早期发现,及时治疗。除手术外,有文献报道采用放疗可能对胰腺UPS有一定的疗效,刘立刚等[27]为1例术后患者行放疗,随访周期内未见肿瘤复发。在其他部位发生UPS,有研究[41]发现,无法完整切除肿瘤或者是无法取得切缘阴性的情况下,放疗则是一种重要的辅助治疗手段。放疗也是具有高危复发因素软组织肉瘤有效的辅助治疗手段,可降低肿瘤的局部复发率[42],但由于目前胰腺UPS术后放疗例数非常有限,其他部位UPS治疗是否适用胰腺,尚缺乏大样本数据支持。对于已经转移的胰腺UPS,术后化疗因病例数少加之随访周期短,其效果亦不明确。在其他软组织肉瘤综合治疗方面,术后给予化疗的患者术后生存时间较未化疗的患者普遍延长,并且对于此类患者的化疗方案上查阅文献后,大多数将多柔比星及异环磷酰胺作为一线用药[27, 33, 40, 43],而在胰腺UPS应采取何方案,已有的文献来看,均在探索与尝试。Jarry等[30]在文章中所提患者在第1次手术后11个月发生肝和肺转移,患者接受了化疗、放疗和右肝切除联合术中射频消融术的多学科治疗。在多学科治疗下,患者完全康复,并在术后25个月内保持无病状态,然仅为个案报道。来自其他临床报道并未显示明显优势[9, 11, 13]

总之,胰腺UPS为高度恶性肿瘤,无明显特异性临床表现,极易发生转移及复发,预后差。完整手术切除治疗为目前最有效的治疗手段,术后给予放化疗可能能够改善患者的生存周期,尚需临床进一步验证。

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Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma of pancreas: case report and literature review

WANG Zihang, MENG Xingkai, ZHANG Junjing

(Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010000, China)

Abstract Background and Aims: Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS), previously known as malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH), is a malignant tumor of mesenchymal origin, accounting for more than 20% of all soft tissue sarcomas, most of which occur in the limbs, body trunk and retroperitoneal space.The occurrence of UPS in the pancreas is extremely rare.Although there are some reports at home and abroad, most of them are presented as individual case report, and the data analysis of larger series of patients are scarce.This article was written to discuss the clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatment as well as the prognosis of this condition through analyzing one patient case of pancreatic UPS treated by the author's team combined with the literature data.Methods: The clinical data of one patient with pancreatic UPS diagnosed and treated in the Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery of the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University was retrospectively analyzed.Meanwhile, a search of the relevant literature from the national and international databases was performed.Then, a pooled analysis of the same medical cases was conducted.Results: There a total of 32 patients (including our case and 31 cases reported in the literature) were enrolled in the study.Of the patients, 20 cases were males and 12 case were females, with a median age of 54.6 (22-74) years.The pathological types were classified as giant cell tumor in 9 cases, myxoid tumor in 5 cases, and pleomorphic tumor in 18 cases.The tumors were located in the head of the pancreas in 13 cases, in the body and tail of the pancreas in 12 cases, in the body of the pancreas in 3 cases, in the tail of the pancreas in 2 cases and in whole pancreas in 2 cases.Preoperative diagnosis was pancreatic cancer in 8 cases of, pancreatic tumor and space occupying lesion in 6 cases, pseudocyst in 4 cases, cystadenoma in 4 cases, pancreatic tumor in 3 cases of, and interstitial tumor, fibrosarcoma, inflammatory lesion in one case each and unavailable in 4 cases.The clinical manifestations included rapidly progressive enlargement of soft tissue lump, frequently accompanied with pressure symptoms or nausea and vomiting, epigastric discomfort, abdominal distension, weight loss or jaundice.The correct diagnosis was made in none of the patients.All the 32 patients underwent surgical treatment, perioperative death occurred in one case, and the overall survival time is 15.3 months.Conclusion: The pancreatic UPS is a highly malignant tumor with no specific clinical manifestations, high likelihood of metastasis and recurrence, and dismal prognosis.Early and complete resection of the tumor to obtain R0 resection is essential for surgical treatment.However, even if extensive resection or radical resection is performed in some cases, local tumor recurrence or distant metastasis still cannot be avoided, due to the special biohistological characteristics of pancreatic UPS.Postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy may probably improve survival of the patients.

Key words Pancreatic Neoplasms/diag; Pancreatic Neoplasms/ther; Histiocytoma, Malignant Fibrous; Prognosis

中图分类号:R735.9

doi:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.2020.03.011

http://dx.doi.org/10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.2020.03.011

Chinese Journal of General Surgery, 2020, 29(3):333-340.

基金项目:内蒙古自治区草原英才培养专项基金资助项目(CYYC2012040);内蒙古自治区卫生计生科研基金资助项目(201702087)。

收稿日期:2019-10-18; 修订日期:2020-02-19。

作者简介:王子航,内蒙古医科大学附属医院住院医师,主要从事肝胆外科方面的研究。

通信作者:张俊晶, Email: zhang.jj@vip.163.com

CLC number: R735.9

(本文编辑 姜晖)

本文引用格式:王子航, 孟兴凯, 张俊晶.胰腺多形性未分化肉瘤:病例报告与文献回顾[J].中国普通外科杂志, 2020, 29(3):333-340.doi:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.2020.03.011

Cite this article as: Wang ZH, Meng XK, Zhang JJ.Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma of pancreas: case report and literature review[J].Chin J Gen Surg, 2020, 29(3):333-340.doi:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.2020.03.011