方法:使用数字减影血管造影(DSA)技术,对苏州大学附属第三医院血管外科2013年6月—2019年3月收治的3012 例(3420 条肢体)下肢静脉曲张患者行下肢深静脉顺行造影,观察患肢踝部至盆腔段深静脉形态、通畅度,以及患者做Valsalva 动作时造影剂的反流情况,对患者静脉曲张的病因进行分析和分类。
结果:3420 条肢体中,原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全1395 条(40.79%),单纯浅静脉曲张1052 条(30.76%),髂静脉受压综合征569 条(16.64%),下肢深静脉血栓后综合征328 条(9.59%),其他(双股静脉畸形、腘静脉瘤、深静脉瘤样扩张、先天性静脉曲张骨肥大综合征、布加综合征、盆腔肿瘤等)76 条(2.22%)。
结论:常州地区下肢静脉曲张患者的病因以下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全、单纯浅静脉曲张及髂静脉受压为主。对于下肢静脉曲张病变,需明确病因才能制定合理的治疗方案;下肢深静脉顺行造影是明确下肢静脉曲张病因的可靠方法,并能检出腘静脉瘤、布加综合征等少见疾病,可有效避免误诊误治;其在下肢静脉病变中有重要的应用价值,可作为下肢静脉曲张疾病的常规检查方法。
下肢静脉曲张是下肢慢性静脉功能不全(chronic venous insufficiency,CVI)最常见的临床症状,其发病率高达10%%~30%,易出现皮炎、下肢肿胀、静脉血栓形成、顽固性溃疡等并发症,严重危害人类健康[1-3]。然而,下肢静脉曲张可由多种不同病因所致,其治疗原则也不尽相同。由于仍存在对下肢静脉曲张发病原因鉴别不明的情况,临床中常发生对下肢静脉曲张的误诊误治[4];下肢静脉曲张行手术治疗后出现复发、下肢深静脉血栓形成等并发症也并不少见[5-6]。随着医学发展,人们对下肢静脉疾病有了更深的理解,目前认为下肢深静脉顺行造影可以明确下肢静脉曲张的病因[7-8],对该类疾病的诊断和治疗有重要意义。同时笔者查阅文献发现近年来关于下肢静脉曲张病因谱的研究较少。本研究收集苏州大学附属第三医院2013年6月—2019年3月收治的3012例下肢静脉曲张患者资料,统计共3420条肢体的深静脉造影结果,总结诊疗经验,并分析在江苏常州地区引起下肢静脉曲张的主要病因。现将结果报告如下。
本组共3012例患者,男1976例(65.6%),女1036 例(34.4%);年龄20 ~82 岁,平均年龄(53.8±12.2)岁;病程3个月至50年。本组共3420 条下肢均有下肢静脉曲张(100%),部分伴有下肢肿胀(69.2%)、皮肤色素沉着(58.2%)、湿疹(30.0%)、溃疡(4.7%)等。所有患肢均行下肢深静脉造影,其中左下肢2295条(67.1%),右下肢1125条(32.9%)。
应用数字减影血管造影(digital subtraction angiography,DSA)技术,设备采用飞利浦数字平板血管造影机(Allura Xper FD-20)。造影剂使用欧乃派克(非离子碘造影剂)30 mL,用生理盐水稀释至50 mL。高压注射器设置注射速度1 mL/s,压力100 PSI(1 PSI=6.895 kPa)。
患者平卧于检查床,穿刺足背静脉并连接高压注射器;予止血带分别在踝关节上方和大腿收肌管处阻断浅静脉。使用DSA的步进功能,分段观察患肢踝部至盆腔段深静脉。在观察大隐静脉汇入股静脉处时,嘱患者做Valsalva动作,若出现股静脉及大隐静脉血液倒流,则判定为下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全;若仅发现大隐静脉血液倒流但不伴有股静脉倒流,则判定为单纯大隐静脉曲张。在观察盆腔部髂静脉时,术者挤压患者小腿腓肠肌或嘱患者行伸-屈踝动作,可使小腿静脉丛的造影剂快速回流,以增加髂静脉显影清晰度。若需进一步观察下腔静脉病变,则可穿刺股静脉置鞘造影。
本组3420条下肢深静脉造影均顺利完成,未出现严重造影剂过敏等并发症。
根据下肢深静脉的形态、通畅度、有无侧枝形成及Valsalva瓣膜功能试验等情况分析静脉曲张的病因。正常下肢深静脉形态与Valsalva试验情况见图1A。(1)原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全(primary deep venous valve insufficiency,PDVI):共1395条下肢,占总肢体数的40.79%,造影表现为:深静脉增粗,静脉瓣膜影模糊,外观呈直筒状,失去正常的“竹节状”形态;行Valsalva试验见造影剂自深静脉瓣膜处向远端反流,同时可见大隐静脉反流、显影(图1 B)。(2)单纯浅静脉曲张:共1052 条下肢,占30.76%;其中大隐静脉曲张占85.2%,合并小隐静脉曲张者占14.8%。其造影征象为:行Valsalva试验时,造影剂自股静脉向大隐静脉反流,隐股交界处瓣膜影模糊不清,瓣膜窦结构破坏;而深静脉则无明显反流,可见静脉瓣,瓣窦对称膨出,呈“竹节样”形态(图1C)。(3)髂静脉受压综合征:共569条下肢,占16.64%。其造影表现为髂静脉汇入下腔静脉处狭窄,造影剂变淡,粗大的盆腔侧支静脉形成(图1D)。(4)下肢深静脉血栓后综合征(post-thrombotic syndrome,PTS):共328条下肢,占9.59%,多有下肢肿胀史(312条肢体,占95.1%),其造影征象为股腘静脉部分再通,管壁僵硬、毛糙,瓣膜影消失,周围见侧支循环形成,行Valsalva动作可使造影剂向深静脉远端、交通静脉及浅静脉逆流(图1 E);而髂静脉可表现为长段闭塞,盆腔可见丰富的侧支血管形成(图1F)。(5)其他:共76条下肢,占2.22%。其中双股静脉畸形造影表现两条股静脉粗细相当(图1G),且多伴有静脉瓣膜功能不全;盆腔肿瘤压迫的造影征象为髂静脉局段受压、狭窄(图1H),进一步的盆腔CT检查可明确肿瘤位置;腘静脉瘤造影征象为腘静脉局段瘤样扩张,造影剂在瘤腔内形成涡流(图1I);下肢深静脉瘤样扩张则表现为股静脉长段的扭曲、扩张,伴病变部位瓣膜缺失,行Valsalva动作可见造影剂明显反流(图1J);先天性静脉曲张骨肥大综合征(Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome,KTS)造影表现为深静脉部分缺如及下肢后外侧浅静脉曲张、畸形(图1K);布加综合征下肢深静脉造影和浅静脉曲张类似[9],但患者常伴有腹壁静脉曲张、肝功能异常等,需进一步行股静脉置管造影,可发现肝后下腔静脉狭窄或闭塞(图1L)。
图1 下肢深静脉造影图像 A:正常下肢深静脉,行Valsalva 试验未见深静脉及大隐静脉造影剂反流;B:原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全,行Valsalva 试验可见深静脉及大隐静脉造影剂反流;C:单纯浅静脉曲张,行Valsalva 试验可见大隐静脉造影剂反流,但无深静脉反流;D:髂静脉受压综合征,髂静脉汇入下腔静脉处狭窄,周围见粗大侧支形成;E-F:下肢深静脉血栓后综合征,股静脉和髂静脉段造影见管壁毛糙,瓣膜影消失,大量侧支循环形成;G:双股静脉畸形;H:盆腔肿瘤压迫所致的髂静脉狭窄;I:腘静脉瘤;J:深静脉瘤样扩张;K:先天性静脉曲张骨肥大综合征,表现为深静脉部分缺如及下肢后外侧浅静脉曲张、畸形;L:布加综合征,行股静脉置管造影见肝后下腔静脉闭塞
Figure 1 Deep venography of lower extremity A:Normal deep vein of lower extremity,no presence of reflow of contrast medium during Valsalva test;B:Primary deep venous valve insufficiency,the venography showing reflux of both deep vein and great saphenous vein during performing Valsalva test;C:Simple superficial varicose veins,only the presence of reflux in the great saphenous and no reflux present in the deep veins during Valsalva test;D:Iliac vein compression syndrome,and presence of stenosis in the convergence of the iliac vein to the inferior vena cava,with formation of large collateral circulation;E-F:Post-thrombotic syndrome,segmental angiography of the femoral vein and iliac vein showing rough wall,disappearance of valve shadow and formation of a large number of collateral circulations;G:Bilateral bitruncular venous malformation;H:Iliac vein stenosis caused by pelvic tumor compression;I:Popliteal venous aneurysm;J:Dilation of deep vein;K:Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome manifested as absence of deep vein and posterolateral varicose vein and deformity;L:Budd-Chiari syndrome,presence of occlusion of the inferior vena cava after femoral vein catheterization
下肢静脉曲张是慢性静脉功能不全的临床表现之一,其发病机制尚未完全阐明,目前认为静脉高压是静脉曲张发生、发展的病理基础[10-11]。下肢静脉倒流性疾病和下肢静脉回流障碍性疾病均能引起静脉高压,进而形成下肢浅静脉曲张、下肢水肿、小腿皮肤色素沉着及湿疹等类似的临床症状[12];由于这两类疾病的治疗原则不尽相同,故鉴别下肢静脉曲张的病因尤为重要。
目前仪器检查主要通过彩色多普勒超声、数字胃肠机或DSA下肢深静脉造影来明确静脉曲张的病因[13-15]。由于受患者体型、下肢肿胀、血管变异及操作者水平差异等影响,彩超的敏感性较低[16];数字胃肠机造影则受骨骼及血管重叠的干扰,造影图片(尤其是髂静脉段)往往不够清晰[17]。而DSA造影可清晰观察从足踝至髂静脉、甚至下腔静脉的全貌,通过本组病例,笔者总结DSA造影以下优点:(1)造影过程中可以选择不同角度,能清楚观察血管形态,且其图像清晰度明显高于X线图像,避免了传统的股静脉或腘静脉穿刺造影,减少了创伤;(2)可根据需要选择是否减影,并能动态回放造影过程,以更好地观察病变血管;(3)可以清楚观察髂静脉病变及盆腔侧支情况,这是诊断髂静脉受压综合征及PTS最简便且可靠的方法;(4)与数字胃肠机相比,DSA可减少造影剂用量,同时DSA的步进功能也减少了操作者在X线中的暴露时间。当然,与胃肠机相比,DSA也存在一些缺点,比如造影过程中不能通过调整患者体位来观察静脉反流情况。因此,在DSA造影过程中患者行Valsalva动作时,建议同时按压患者下腹部,通过增加腹内压来更清楚地观察血液反流情况,以更准确地判断深静脉瓣膜的功能状态。
本研究对江苏省常州地区下肢静脉曲张患者行顺行深静脉造影,发现本地区引起下肢静脉曲张的病因依次为:原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全(40.79%),单纯浅静脉曲张(30.76%),髂静脉受压综合征(16.64%),下肢深静脉血栓后综合征(9.59%),其他(2.22%)。本组结果与王孝高等[18]的研究结果相近,但与曾宏等[19]及田卓平等[20]的研究结果有较大差异,即下肢静脉曲张病因谱中髂静脉受压综合征的占比明显增高了(表1),这可能与近年来对该疾病的理解深度、诊断标准及重视程度相关[21-23]。本组病例造影还发现了一些临床少见疾病,如双股静脉畸形、盆腔肿瘤压迫髂静脉、腘静脉瘤、下肢深静脉瘤样扩张、KTS、布加综合征等。根据不同病因所致的下肢静脉曲张,应选择相应的治疗方法。对于单纯浅静脉曲张,可选择大/小隐静脉高位结扎、曲张静脉点剥术;对于原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全,同样可采用大/小隐静脉高位结扎+曲张静脉点剥术,术后患肢长期穿弹力袜压力治疗,可取得良好的疗效,有研究[24-25]表明对于伴有深静脉瓣膜功能不全的浅静脉曲张患者,单纯行浅静脉手术亦可改善深静脉瓣膜反流,并减轻下肢肿胀等相关症状。对于髂静脉受压综合征和下肢深静脉血栓后综合征,一般先行髂静脉球囊扩张+支架植入术,二期处理浅静脉曲张[26-27];腘静脉瘤有形成血栓、导致肺动脉栓塞可能,是一种有致死风险的疾病,可根据静脉瘤的形态行腘静脉瘤侧方缝合成形术、瘤体切除加静脉移植术及瘤体切除加端端吻合术等[28-29];而双股静脉畸形、盆腔肿瘤压迫髂静脉、下肢深静脉瘤样扩张、KTS等往往只需行对症的压力治疗即可[30-31]。
表1 不同研究中的静脉曲张不同病因的比例(%)
Table 1 Proportion of different etiologies of varicose veins in different studies(%)
静脉曲张病因本研究(2013—2019年,3 420 肢体)王孝高,等[18](2008—2012年,2 814 肢体)曾宏,等[19](1999—2008年,1 230 肢体)田卓平,等[20](1981—1998年,7 908 肢体)原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全 40.79 33.93 49.51 53.02单纯浅静脉曲张 30.76 20.03 29.10 15.54髂静脉受压综合征 16.64 25.77 0.32 0.14下肢深静脉血栓后综合征 9.59% 9.79 15.93 26.83
清晰的造影结果为制定诊疗方案提供了可靠的影像学依据,从而对不同病因导致的静脉曲张提供合适的治疗方法,避免了手术的盲目和片面,减少了误诊误治。DSA下肢深静脉顺行造影操作简便、安全可靠,是目前检测下肢静脉系统病变最佳的诊断方法,可作为下肢静脉曲张疾病的常规检查方法。未来期望有更大样本量、多中心的相关研究,更好地分析下肢静脉曲张的病因谱,以加深对该类疾病的理解,最终达到提高治愈率的目的。
[1]Rabe E,Berboth G,Pannier F.Epidemiology of chronic venous diseases[J].Wien Med Wochenschr,2016,166(9/10):260-263.doi:10.1007/s10354-016-0465-y.
[2]何静,王军,杨涛,等.慢性下肢静脉疾病的流行病学研究现状[J].中国血管外科杂志:电子版,2018,10(1):71-78.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-7429.2018.01.019.
He J,Wang J,Yang T.Current status of epidemiologic study for chronic venous diseases of the lower limbs[J].Chinese Journal of Vascular Surgery:Electronic Version,2018,10(1):71-78.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-7429.2018.01.019.
[3]Robertson L,Evans C,Fowkes FG.Epidemiology of chronic venous disease[J].Phlebology,2008,23(3):103-111.doi:10.1258/phleb.2007.007061.
[4]余召军,周为民.下肢静脉曲张的鉴别诊断和治疗[J].血管与腔内血管外科杂志,2016,2(1):71-76.
Yu ZJ,Zhou WM.Differential diagnosis and treatment of varicose veins of the lower extremities[J].Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery,2016,2(1):71-76.
[5]张昌明,张福先,张欢.大隐静脉曲张术后复发病因分析:附63例报告[J].中国普通外科杂志,2013,22(12):1640-1642.doi:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.2013.12.024.
Zhang CM,Zhang FX,Zhang H.Cause of the recurrence of varicose veins after varicotomy of great saphenous vein:a report of 63 case[J].Chinese Journal of General Surgery,2013,22(12):1640-1642.doi:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.2013.12.024.
[6]高红霞,杨涛,续慧民等.下肢静脉曲张术后并发静脉血栓栓塞症的临床特征和危险因素分析[J].中国血管外科杂志:电子版,2019,11(3):199-202.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-7429.2019.03.009.
Gao HX,Yang T,Xu HM,et al.Analysis of clinical features and risk factors of symptomatic venous thromboembolism after varicose vein surgery of lower extremity[J].Chinese Journal of Vascular Surgery:Electronic Version,2019,11(3):199-202.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-7429.2019.03.009.
[7]中华医学会外科学分会血管外科学组.慢性下肢静脉疾病诊断与治疗中国专家共识[J].中国血管外科杂志:电子版,2014,6(3):143-151.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-7429.2014.03.008.
Vascular Surgery Group,Society of Surgery,Chinese Medical Association.Chinese expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of chronic venous diseases of the lower limbs[J].Chinese Journal of Vascular Surgery:Electronic Version,2014,6(3):143-151.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-7429.2014.03.008.
[8]Santler B,Goerge T.Chronic venous insufficiency--a review of pathophysiology,diagnosis,and treatment[J].J Dtsch Dermatol Ges,2017,15(5):538-556.doi:10.1111/ddg.13242.
[9]岳劼,肖占祥,戚悠飞,等.经皮肝穿刺联合上下腔静脉途径介入治疗肝静脉闭塞型布加综合征[J].中国普通外科杂志,2016,25(6):892-897.doi:10.3978/j.issn.1005-6947.2016.06.020.
Yue J,Xiao ZX,Qi YF,et al.Interventional therapy of percutaneous transhepatic puncture combined with superior/inferior vena cava approach for Budd-Chiari syndrome caused by hepatic venous outfl ow obstruction[J].Chinese Journal of General Surgery,2016,25(6):892-897.doi:10.3978/j.issn.1005-6947.2016.06.020.
[10]Bergan JJ,Pascarella L,Schmid-Schönbein GW.Pathogenesis of primary chronic venous disease:Insights from animal models of venous hypertension[J].J Vasc Surg,2008,47(1):183-192.doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2007.09.028.
[11]Fukaya E,Flores AM,Lindholm D,et al.Clinical and Genetic Determinants of Varicose Veins[J].Circulation,2018,138(25):2869-2880.doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.035584.
[12]Jacobs BN,Andraska EA,Obi AT,et al.Pathophysiology of varicose veins[J].J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord,2017,5(3):460-467.doi:10.1016/j.jvsv.2016.12.014.
[13]Gloviczki P,Comerota AJ,Dalsing MC,et al.The care of patients with varicose veins and associated chronic venous diseases:clinical practice guidelines of the Society for Vascular Surgery and the American Venous Forum[J].J Vasc Surg,2011,53(5 Suppl):2S-48S.doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2011.01.079.
[14]辛艳芬,蒲英梅,陈玉祥,等.不同影像检查在下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全临床诊断中价值[J].临床军医杂志,2018,46(12):1429-1431.doi:10.16680/j.1671-3826.2018.12.12.
Xin YF,Pu YM,Chen YX,et al.Comparison of different imaging techniques in the clinical diagnosis of deep venous insuffi ciency of the lower extremities[J].Clinical Journal of Medical Offi cers,2018,46(12):1429-1431.doi:10.16680/j.1671-3826.2018.12.12.
[15]毕国善,熊国祚,戴先鹏,等.下肢顺行静脉造影在诊断下肢静脉功能不全及髂静脉疾病中的意义[J].吉林医学,2019,40(11):2488-2490.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-0412.2019.11.018.
Bi GS,Xiong GZ,Dai XP,et al.The significance of Venography of Lower Extremity for Diagnosis of Iliac Vein Compression Syndrome with Varicose veins[J].Jilin Medical Journal,2019,40(11):2488-2490.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-0412.2019.11.018.
[16]任聃,段云友,刘禧,等.彩色多普勒超声与数字减影血管造影对比评价不同节段下肢深静脉血栓的诊断价值[J].中华超声影像学杂志,2009,18(2):146-148.doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1004-4477.2009.02.021.
Ren D,Duan YY,Liu X,et al.Diagnosis evaluation for different section of deep venous thrombosis by color Doppler ultrasound compared to DSA[J].Chinese Journal of Ultrasonography,2009,18(2):146-148.doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1004-4477.2009.02.021.
[17]杨青,木尼拉.数字下肢静脉顺行造影的临床应用价值[J].中国医学影像学杂志,2009,17(2):120-123.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1005-5185.2009.02.014.
Yang Q,Mu NL.Clinical Value of Digital Antegrade Venography of lower Extremity Vains[J].Chinese Journal of Medical Imaging,2009,17(2):120-123.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1005-5185.2009.02.014.
[18]王孝高,陈世远,王晖,等.皖北地区下肢静脉曲张患者下肢深静脉的造影结果及体会[J].中国临床医学影像杂志,2014,25(2):141-143.
Wang XG,Chen SY,Wang H,et al.Lower limb deep venography for varicosity in the northern part of Anhui province[J].Journal of China Clinic Medical Imaging,2014,25(2):141-143.
[19]曾宏,施森,钟武,等.深静脉顺行造影对下肢慢性静脉功能不全诊断的临床评价[J].重庆医学,2010,39(3):328-331.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1671-8348.2010.03.034.
Zeng H,Shi S,Zhong W,et al.Clinical assessment of anterograde venography of deep vein of the lower limb in diagnosis of deep venous insuffi ciency[J].Chongqing Medical,2010,39(3):328-331.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1671-8348.2010.03.034.
[20]田卓平,蒋米尔,张伯津,等.下肢深静脉造影临床应用的评价(7908条患肢造影资料分析)[J].中国现代普通外科进展,2001,4(1):51-53.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-9905.2001.01.019.
Tian ZP,Jiang ME,Zhang BZ,et al.Nutritional support in critically ill patients of surgery[J].Chinese Journal of Current Advances in General Surgery,2001,4(1):51-53.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-9905.2001.01.019.
[21]Chen Z,Zhang XC,Sun Y,et al.Diagnosis and Treatment of Nonthrombotic Right Iliac Vein Compression Syndrome[J].Ann Vasc Surg,2019,61:363-370.doi:10.1016/j.avsg.2019.05.033.
[22]艾鹏,潘浩,陈魁,等.步进式数字减影下肢静脉顺行造影诊断非血栓性髂静脉受压综合征的价值[J].中华普通外科杂志,2018,33(6):512-513.doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1007-631X.2018.06.020.
Ai P,Pan H,Chen K,et al.Diagnostic value of anterograde venography with marching type digital subtraction angiography for nonthrombotic iliac vein compression syndrome[J].Zhong Hua Pu Tong Wai Ke Za Zhi,2018,33(6):512-513.doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1007-631X.2018.06.020.
[23]赵铁军,李晓强,钱爱民,等.深静脉顺行造影在诊断Cockett综合征中的应用价值[J].中华普通外科杂志,2014,29(4):269-271.doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1007-631X.2014.04.008.
Zhao TJ,Li XQ,Qian AM,et al.Value of deep vein ascending venography in the diagnosis of iliac vein compression syndrome[J].Zhong Hua Pu Tong Wai Ke Za Zhi,2014,29(4):269-271.doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1007-631X.2014.04.008.
[24]宋小军,刘志丽,曾嵘,等.经皮射频微创治疗伴深静脉瓣膜功能不全的下肢静脉曲张患者的临床疗效[J].血管与腔内血管外科杂志,2020,6(2):95-98.doi:10.19418/j.cnki.issn2096-0646.2020.02.001.
Song XJ,Liu ZL,Zeng R,et al.Clinical effect of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for varicose veins of lower extremities with deep vein insufficient[J].Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery,2020,6(2):95-98.doi:10.19418/j.cnki.issn2096-0646.2020.02.001.
[25]王默,金星,种振岳,等.原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全的治疗[J].中国普通外科杂志,2008,17(6):611-613.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1005-6947.2008.06.023.
Wang M,Jin X,Zhong ZY,et al.External banding valvuloplasty of the superficial femoral vein in the treatment of primary deep venous insuffi ciency[J].Chinese Journal of General Surgery,2008,17(6):611-613.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1005-6947.2008.06.023.
[26]郭媛媛,陈洪胜,蔡红波,等.非血栓性髂静脉受压综合征漏诊病例分析及其腔内治疗效果评价[J].中国普通外科杂志,2016,25(6):882-886.doi:10.3978/j.issn.1005-6947.2016.06.018.
Guo YY,Chen HS,Cai HB,et al.Analysis of misdiagnosis and efficacy of endovascular therapy in patients with nonthrombotic iliac venous compression syndrome[J].Chinese Journal of General Surgery,2016,25(6):882-886.doi:10.3978/j.issn.1005-6947.2016.06.018.
[27]焦元勇,章希炜.下肢深静脉血栓形成后综合征外科干预方式与思考[J].中国实用外科杂志,2015,35(12):1291-1294.doi:10.7504/CJPS.ISSN1005-2208.2015.12.10.
Jiao YY,Zhang XW.Consideration and surgical management strategies of post-thrombotic syndrome[J].Chinese Journal of Practical Surgery,2015,35(12):1291-1294.doi:10.7504/CJPS.ISSN1005-2208.2015.12.10.
[28]王鑫,朱云峰,吴元兵,等.腘静脉瘤三例[J].中华普通外科杂志,2016,31(4):355.doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1007-631X.2016.04.032.
Wang X,Zhu YF,Wu YB,et al.Three cases of popliteal venous aneurysm[J].Zhong Hua Pu Tong Wai Ke Za Zhi,2016,31(4):355.doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1007-631X.2016.04.032.
[29]Noppeney T,Kopp R,Pfister K,et al.Treatment of Popliteal Vein Aneurysms[J].J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord,2019,7(4):535-542.doi:10.1016/j.jvsv.2018.12.013.
[30]Rabe E,Partsch H,Hafner J,et al.Indications for medical compression stockings in venous and lymphatic disorders:an evidence-based consensus statement[J].Phlebologie,2018,33(3):163-184.doi:10.1177/0268355516689631.
[31]Lurie F,Schwartz M.Patient-centered outcomes of a dual action pneumatic compression device in comparison to compression stockings for patients with chronic venous disease[J].J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord,2017,5(5):699-706.doi:10.1016/j.jvsv.2017.06.003.
Application value of deep vein anterograde venography in etiological diagnosis of lower limb varicose veins
Methods:From June 2013 to March 2019,3 012 patients with varicose veins of the lower extremities(3 420 limbs)who were admitted to the Department of Vascular Surgery of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University underwent anterograde venography with digital subtraction angiography(DSA).The morphology and patency of the deep veins from the ankle of the affected limb to segment in the pelvic cavity,as well as the reflow of the contrast material while the patient was performing the Valsalva maneuver were observed.Then,the etiologies of varicose vein of the patients were analyzed and classified.
Results:In the3 420 limbs,there were 1 395 limbs with primary deep venous valve insufficiency(40.79%),1 052 limbs with simple superfi cial varicose veins(30.76%),569 limbs with iliac vein compression syndrome(16.64 %),328 limbs with post-thrombotic syndrome(9.59%),and 76 limbs(2.22%)with other pathogenies that included malformation of double femoral veins,popliteal venous aneurysm,deep venous aneurysm,Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome,Budd-Chiari syndrome and pelvic tumor.
Conclusion:The lower extremity varicose veins in patients in Changzhou region is mainly caused by deep venous insufficiency,simple superfi cial venous valve insufficiency and iliac vein compression.The proper treatment scheme for lower extremity varicose veins is based on the identification of pathogeny.Deep venography of lower extremities is a reliable method for distinguishing the etiologies of lower extremity varicose veins,which can determine the uncommon diseases such as popliteal venous aneurysm and Budd-Chiari syndrome,and thereby effectively avoid misdiagnosis and mistreatment.So,it is of great application value in peripheral venous diseases and can be used as a routine examination for peripheral venous diseases.
Cite this article as:Wang X,Zhang BW,Jiang YF,et al.Application value of deep vein anterograde venography in etiological diagnosis of lower limb varicose veins[J].Chin J Gen Surg,2020,29(6):686-692.doi:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.2020.06.008