·临床研究·

肝细胞癌患者术后早期复发的危险因素分析及风险评估 模型构建

周晨阳,周江敏,胡新昇,王金林,罗一鸣,舒畅,陈孝平,张志伟

(华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院 肝脏外科,湖北 武汉 430030)

摘 要

背景与目的:术后早期复发是影响肝细胞癌患者预后的主要因素,本研究探讨影响肝细胞癌患者术后早期复发的危险因素并构建评估模型,为预测复发风险、改善预后提供依据。

方法:回顾性分析2011—2016年华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院收治的225例肝细胞癌患者,分析患者术后早期复发(2年内复发)情况,运用Logistic 回归模型确定早期复发的独立危险因素,用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)及曲线下面积(AUC)评价变量的预测早期复发的效能,用Cox 回归方程建立早期复发的风险评分模型。

结果:225例患者中,术后早期复发130例(57.8%)。肿瘤数目、γ- 谷氨酰转肽酶(γ-GT)、中性粒细胞-淋巴细胞比值(NLR)为肝细胞癌患者术后早期复发的独立危险因素(均P<0.05)。γ-GT、NLR 以及γ-GT 与NLR 联合预测患者术后早期复发的AUC 分别为67.6%、59.1%、70.4%。将肿瘤个数、γ-GT、NLR 纳入回归方程,建立风险评分模型后,根据HR值,将γ-GT>108 U/L 赋值为1,NLR>2.11 赋值为2,肿瘤个数>1 赋值为3,否则赋值为0,可得危险评分界值为0~6 分。根据此模型,低危组(<3 分)与高危组(≥3 分)患者1、3、5年的累积无病生存率分别为76.9%、44.5%、32.8%与33.4%、20.1%、6.69%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。

结论:肿瘤个数、γ-GT、TNLR 是肝细胞癌患者术后早期复发的独立危险因素,所构建的风险预测模型可用来对肝癌患者早期复发进行危险分层,从而有助于选择恰当的治疗方案改善患者预后。

关键词 癌,肝细胞;复发;中性粒细胞/ 淋巴细胞比值;γ- 谷氨酰转肽酶

肝细胞癌是世界最常见的肿瘤之一,也是全球癌症病死率第二的恶性肿瘤。中国是人口大国,也是肝细胞癌大国,全球每年新发肝细胞癌病患中约有一半以上出自中国[1-2]。迄今为止,外科切除仍是肝细胞癌最有效的治疗方法,但术后复发是影响治疗效果的重要因素[3]。根据复发时间,术后复发可分为早期复发(术后2年内)和晚期复发(2年后)[4-5]。术后早期复发严重影响肝细胞癌患者的预后,肝细胞癌术后2年内死亡的主要原因是肿瘤的早期复发[6]。因此,本研究主要探讨影响肝细胞癌患者术后早期复发的危险因素,为预测复发风险、改善预后提供依据。

1 资料与方法

1.1 研究对象

回顾性分析2011—2016年华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院就诊的225例肝细胞癌患者。纳入标准:(1)年龄1 8 ~7 5 岁,性别不限; (2) 临床诊断为肝细胞癌, 巴塞罗那分期(Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer,BCLC)A或B期, 行根治性肝切除;(3)Child-Pugh肝功能分级为 A级,或B级但经护肝治疗后恢复至A级;(4) 不伴随其他的恶性疾病;(5) 无严重的心、肺、脑等器官的器质性疾病;⑹ 临床资料齐全;⑺ 自愿签署知情同意书。排除标准:(1) 孕妇及哺乳期妇女;(2) 有器官移植病史;(3)术前行其它抗肿瘤治疗及免疫治疗;(4) 药物滥用者,或患有可能干扰研究依从性的心理或精神等疾病;(5) 无法获得随访资料;⑹ 研究者认为不适合本研究的其它情况。

1.2 分析指标

早期复发患者例数;患者各项基线指标:性别、年龄、肿瘤最大径、肿瘤个数、肝功能分级、HBV-DNA、甲胎蛋白(AFP)水平、血小板计数(PLT)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)水平、中性粒细胞-淋巴细胞比值(neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio,NLR)、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(γ-GT)水平、肝切除方式及术中输血与肝门阻断与否等。

1.3 随访

术后半年内每1个月1次,术后2年内每3个月1次。术后3~5年每6个月1次,术后5年以上每1年1次,直至死亡或失访。随访包括体格检查、肿瘤标志物和肝脏影像学检查(肝脏超声、肝脏CT或MRI)。同时每年进行1次胸部CT平扫。

1.4 统计学处理

通过Epidata 3.0建立数据库,应用SPSS 26(IBM)进行数据分析。分类变量用实际频数表示,定量资料用中位数及四分位数来描述。Logistic 回归模型确定独立危险因素,ox 回归模型建立预测模型。运用受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC)及曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)评价预测效能。以α=0.05(双侧)作为检验水平。

2 结 果

2.1 患者早期复发情况及其他基线资料

225例患者中,130例患者在术后2年内复发(早期复发),占57.8%。男179例,占79.6%;中位年龄52岁。201例患者入院时Child-pugh分级为A级,24例患者入院时Child-pugh分级为B级,但经护肝治疗后恢复至A级。肿瘤中位最大径为 3.4(2.4~4.75)cm,191例患者为单发肿瘤,34例患者为多发肿瘤。其他基线资料见表1。

2.2 术后早期复发的危险因素

单因素Logistic回归分析显示肿瘤最大径、肿瘤数目、γ-G T、NLR 与术后早期复发有关(均P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示肿瘤数目(HR=2.737,9 5% C I=1.63 ~7.047,P=0.37)、γ-GT(HR=1.016,95% CI= 1.008~1.024,P<0.001)、NLR(HR=1.355,95% CI=1.013~1.812,P=0.041)为肝细胞癌术后早期复发的独立危险因素(表2)。

表1 225例肝细胞癌患者的基线资料
Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the 225 HCC patients

项目 数值性别[n(%)] 男 179(79.6) 女 46(20.4)年龄[岁,M(IQR)] 52(45~59)肿瘤最大径[cm,n(%)] >5 51(22.7) ≤5 174(77.3)肿瘤个数[n(%)] 单发 191(84.9) 多发 34(15.1)Child-Pugh 分级[n(%)] A 201(89.3) B 24(10.7)HBV-DNA [n(%)] 阳性 151(67.1) 阴性 74(32.9)AFP [ng/mL,M(IQR)] 63.5(8.1~841.1)PLT [109/L,M(IQR)] 78.3(51.2~102)ALP[U/L,M(IQR)] 78(61~99)NLR [M(IQR)] 1.85(1.41~2.61)γ-GT [U/L,M(IQR)] 53(33~94)肝切除方式[n(%)] 段叶切除 57(25.3) 局部切除 168(74.7)术中输血[n(%)] 是 52(23.1) 否 173(76.9)肝门阻断[n(%)] 是 61(27.1) 否 164(72.9)

表2 影响肝细胞癌患者早期复发的单因素和多因素分析
Table 2 Univariate and multivariate analysis of factors for early recurrence in HCC patients

因素 单因素分析 多因素分析HR(95% CI) P HR(95% CI) P性别(男vs.女) 0.603(0.314~1.156) 0.128 — —年龄(>50 岁vs.≤50 岁) 1.117(0.657~1.900) 0.682 — —肿瘤最大径(>5 cm vs.≤5 cm) 2.043(1.043~4.000) 0.037 1.878(0.886~3.981) 0.1肿瘤个数(多发vs.单发) 3.295(1.369~7.934) 0.008 2.737(1.063~7.047) 0.037 HBV-DNA(阳性vs.阴性) 0.902(0.513~1.587) 0.721 — —AFP(>400 ng/mL vs.≤400 ng/mL) 1.492(0.843~2.642) 0.169 — —PLT(每增加1 个单位) 1.006(0.997~1.015) 0.198 — —ALP(每增加1 个单位) 0.997(0.990~1.005) 0.471 — —γ-GT(每增加1 个单位) 1.017(1.009~1.025) <0.001 1.016(1.008~1.024) <0.001 NLR(每增加1 个单位) 1.301(1.014~1.670) 0.039 1.355(1.013~1.812) 0.041 Child-Pugh 分级(A vs.B) 1.715(0.732~4.016) 0.214 — —肝切除(段叶切除vs.局部切除) 1.350(0.727~2.505) 0.342 1.605(0.812~3.172) 0.173术中输血(是vs.否) 0.542(0.290~1.012) 0.055 0.503(0.252~1.005) 0.052肝门阻断(是vs.否) 1.072(0.590~1.948) 0.819 0.806(0.405~1.601) 0.537

2.3 γ-GT、NLR 预测早期复发的ROC 曲线分析

γ-GT预测预后的AUC为67.6%(95% CI= 60.7%~74.5%),最佳截断值为108 U/L,其敏感度和特异度分别为34.6%和96.8%。NLR预测预后的AUC为59.1%(95% CI=51.6%~66.6%),最佳截断值为2.11,其敏感度和特异度分别为5 2.3%和6 5.3%。利用SPSS软件建立γ-GT和NLR联合指标,该指标AUC为70.4%(95% CI= 63.6%~77.1%),最佳截断值为0.57,其敏感度和特异度分别为52.3%和81.1%。γ-GT&NLR联合指标预测肿瘤复发优于单一指标(图1)。

图1 γ-GT、NLR 以及γ-GT 与NLR 联合预测肝细胞癌患者术后早期复发的ROC 曲线
Figure 1 ROC curves of γ-GT, NLR and γ-GT plus NLR in predicting early postoperative recurrence in HCC patients

2.4 评分系统建立

分别将NLR 、γ-GT、肿瘤个数纳入回归方程, 得到复发风险函数:Y=0.254X1+0.016X2+0.973X3-1.390,X1、X2、X3分别代表NLR、γ-GT、肿瘤数目。根据HR值,将γ-GT>108 U/L赋值为1,NLR>2.11赋值为2,肿瘤个数>1赋值为3,否则赋值为0。可得危险评分界值为0 ~6 分。<3 分为低危组,≥3 分为高危组。Kaplan-Meier曲线分析低危组1、3、5年的无病生存率分别为76.9%、44.5%和32.8%,而高危组为33.4%、20.1%和6.69%,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)(图2)。

图2 高危组与低危组Kaplan-Meier 生存曲线
Figure 2 Kaplan-Meier survival curves for high-risk group and low-risk group

3 讨 论

肝细胞癌切除术后5年内复发率高达70%,并且大多数在术后2年内长出新的病灶[7]。早期复发(<2年)多表现为局部浸润、肝内播散和肿瘤自身生物学特征改变[8],肝癌术后早期复发是导致患者预后不良的重要因素。因此有效预测早期复发的指标将对患者的危险分层具有重要意义。

NLR 是癌症患者术后病死率的有效预测因子。术前NLR水平可以预测肝切除以及肝移植术后肝癌患者的无病生存率(disease-free survival,DFS)及总生存率(overall survival,OS)[9-10]。研究[11]表明中性粒细胞分泌大部分血管内皮生长因子,这是一种已知的参与肿瘤发展的促血管生成因子。此外,中性粒细胞通过产生精氨酸酶,一氧化氮和活性氧而抑制淋巴细胞、自然杀伤细胞和活化的T细胞的细胞毒活性,因此具有免疫抑制性[12]。由于肿瘤刺激,与肿瘤相关的巨噬细胞活性增加,导致中性粒细胞增多和/或淋巴细胞减少[13-15]。淋巴细胞介导抗肿瘤免疫,淋巴细胞减少提示肿瘤特异性T细胞数量减少[16]。NLR反映中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞的相对比例,高NLR水平意味着淋巴细胞少于中性粒细胞,淋巴细胞减少,可能导致淋巴细胞对恶性肿瘤的免疫反应较差,从而影响预后,增加肿瘤复发的风险[17-19]。另外,术前NLR值对微血管浸润(microvascular invasion,MVI)具有预测价值[20]。NLR截断值目前没有达成一致。Kim等[18]研究报道的NLR截断值为2.0,而Hung等[21]报道的NLR截断值为2.5。Gomez等[22]发现术前NLR≥5是无病生存期和总生存期的不良预测指标。本研究发现NLR是术后早期复发的独立危险因素,预测截断值为2.1。不同研究者确立的NLR截断值存在较大差异,这可能需要大样本、多中心、前瞻性研究来进一步探讨。

肝功能检查是广泛用于临床的血液测定,其中γ-GT的水平反映肝细胞的损伤程度,与细胞完整性或与胆道疾病有关[23]。一些研究[24-25]表明γ-GT升高可以造成DNA损伤、促进肿瘤进展、转移,提示恶性肿瘤患者的无病生存期较短[26-28]。此外,肝切除后血清γ-GT水平能预测肝癌患者的预后[29-30]。本研究发现术前血清γ-GT是术后早期复发的独立危险因素,其预测截断值为108 U/L。

联合NLR和γ-GT可用作肝癌的早期复发的预测因子,可提高单一指标的预测能力。为了减少混杂因素影响肝细胞癌患者的生存和复发,本研究将其他危险因素(如肿瘤大小,肿瘤数目等)纳入Logistic回归分析,发现肿瘤是否多发也是影响预后的重要因素。肿瘤数目越多,提示肿瘤呈多中心发展,因而这类患者更易复发和转移[31]。相较于影像学检查成本昂贵、具有辐射危害、肝硬化背景下微小结节性质难定,NLR、γ-GT是血常规和肝功能的常见指标,简单易得,再联合肿瘤数目,可对肝细胞癌患者早期复发进行危险分层。

本研究有几个局限性需要解决。一方面,由于NLR、γ-GT值是一个动态变化的过程,本研究仅使用基线值来预测结果,因此可能会遗漏很多信息。另外本文是一篇回顾性研究,且样本量较小,可能存在选择偏倚。本研究结果仍需要大规模、多中心前瞻性研究来验证。

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Analysis of risk factors and construction of risk scoring model for early postoperative recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma patients

ZHOU Chenyang, ZHOU Jiangmin, HU Xinsheng, WANG Jinlin, LUO Yiming, SHU Chang, CHEN Xiaoping, ZHANG Zhiwei

(Department of Liver Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China)

Abstract

Background and Aims: Early postoperative recurrence is the main factor affecting the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients.This study was conducted to investigate the risk factors for early recurrence in HCC patients after hepatectomy and establish an evaluation model, so as to provide basis for predicting recurrence risk and improving prognosis.

Methods: The clinical data of 225 patients with HCC treated in Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology between 2011 and 2016 were retrospectively analyzed.The occurrence of early postoperative recurrence (recurrence with 2 years after hepatectomy) among the patients were analyzed.The independent risk factors for early recurrence were determined by Logistic regression model, the efficiencies of the variables in predicting the early recurrence were evaluated by receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and area under curve (AUC), and the risk scoring model for early recurrence was established by Cox regression equation.

Results: Among the 225 patients, early postoperative recurrence occurred in 130 cases (57.8%).Tumor number, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GT), and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were independent risk factors for early postoperative recurrence in HCC patients (all P<0.05).The AUC of serum γ-GT, NLR and the combination of γ-GT and NLR for prediction early postoperative recurrence were 67.6%, 59.1% and 70.4%, respectively.After risk scoring model was created by incorporating tumor number, γ-GT and NLR into the regression equation, a code of 1 was assigned to γ-GT >108 U/L, 2 was assigned to NLR>2.11, and 3 was assigned to tumor number >1, otherwise 0 was assigned, according to the HR values.The possible score given bythe risk scoring model ranged from 0 to 6.According to this model, the 1-, 3- and 5-year disease-free survival rates were 76.9%, 44.5% and 32.8% in patients in low risk group (score <3), and were 33.4%, 20.1%, and 6.69% in patients in high risk group (score ≥3), and the difference had statistical significance (P<0.001).

Conclusion: Tumor number, γ-GT and NLR are independent risk factors for early postoperative recurrence in HCC patients.The established prediction model can be used for stratifying the risk of early recurrence in HCC patients, and thereby may help choose an appropriate treatment plan to improve the prognosis of the patients.

Key words Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Recurrence; Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio; γ-Glutamyltransferase

中图分类号:R735.7

基金项目:湖北陈孝平科技发展基金资助项目(CXPJJH11800001-2018104)。

收稿日期:2020-06-30;

修订日期:2020-07-14。

作者简介:周晨阳,华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院住院医师,主要从事肝癌、门脉高压方面的研究。

通信作者:张志伟, Email: zwzhang@tjh.tjmu.edu.cn

doi:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.2020.08.008

http://dx.doi.org/10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.2020.08.008

Chinese Journal of General Surgery, 2020, 29(8):973-978.

CLC number: R735.7

(本文编辑 姜晖)

本文引用格式:周晨阳, 周江敏, 胡新昇, 等.肝细胞癌患者术后早期复发的危险因素分析及风险评估模型构建[J].中国普通外科杂志, 2020, 29(8):973-978.doi:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.2020.08.008

Cite this article as: Zhou CY, Zhou JM, Hu XS, et al.Analysis of risk factors and construction of risk prediction model for early postoperative recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma patients[J].Chin J Gen Surg, 2020, 29(8):973-978.doi:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.2020.08.008