经小腿深静脉入路行CDT治疗急性混合型深静脉血栓形成的临床分析

吴鸿飞,曾昭凡,戚悠飞,肖占祥

(海南省人民医院/海南医学院附属海南医院 血管外科,海南 海口 570311)

摘 要 背景与目的:目前下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)患者行导管接触性溶栓(CDT)治疗的主流入路是腘静脉,但对于混合型DVT 及一些体位要求无法行腘静脉入路的患者,小腿深静脉穿刺入路可能是一种可选择的治疗方式。本研究探讨急性混合型DVT 患者采用小腿深静脉穿刺入路行CDT治疗的安全性与可行性。方法:回顾性分析2012年1月—2017年12月收治的172 例急性混合型DVT 患者的临床资料,其中89 例通过小腿深静脉穿刺行CDT 治疗(穿刺组);54 例通过暴露胫后静脉,直视下穿刺胫后静脉行CDT 治疗(切开组);29 例行足背浅静脉溶栓(浅静脉组)。分析、比较各组患者的相关临床资料。结果:穿刺组86 例(96.6%)穿刺成功,其中胫后静脉37 例,腓静脉21 例,胫前静脉28 例;切开组患者均成功从胫后静脉置入血管鞘(100%)。穿刺组2 例消化道出血,2 例脑出血;切开组3 例消化道出血;浅静脉组1 例消化道出血,三组间出血事件的发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。CDT 溶栓通畅率,穿刺组为86.5%(77/89),切开组为59.3%(32/54),差异具有统计学意义(P=0.034)。穿刺组大腿周径减少值、尿激酶用量均明显大于另两组(均P<0.05),三组小腿周径减少值差异无统计学意义(F=1.152,P=0.320)。三组术后6、12、18、24 个月轻中度血栓后综合征(PTS)的发生率差异均无统计学意义(χ2=0.301,P=0.860;χ2=0.875,P=0.646;χ2=3.010,P=0.222;χ2=4.446,P=0.108),三组均无重度PTS 发生。三组术后6 个月Villalta 评分差异无统计学意义(F=1.177,P=0.302),但术后12、18、24 个月穿刺组Villalta 评分均优于另两组,除术后12 个月的穿刺组与切开组间差异无统计学意义外(P=0.108),其余差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05);术后6、12、18、24 个月穿刺组CIVID-2 评分均优于另两组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论:小腿深静脉穿刺行CDT 治疗较暴露深静脉置管溶栓及浅静脉溶栓具有更高血栓溶解率,同时没有增加重大出血事件,是急性混合型DVT 可选择的治疗方式。

关键词 静脉血栓形成;下肢;机械溶栓;血栓形成后综合征

下肢深静脉血栓形成(deepvenous thrombosis,DVT)是血管外科的常见病,即使经过抗凝治疗仍有20%~50%进展为深静脉血栓后综合征(post-thrombotic syndrome,PTS)[1-2],其中5%~10%可发展为严重PTS[3-5]。对于急性DVT,导管接触性溶栓(catheter-directed thrombolysis,CDT)能有效清除血栓,显著降低PTS的发生率,是临床中广泛应用的溶栓方法[6-9]。腘静脉入路是CDT治疗中最常见的穿刺部位[10-11],但对于混合型DVT,尿激酶无法覆盖膝下病变。小腿深静脉入路体位要求低,尿激酶可以更广泛覆盖血栓部位,提高血栓溶解率,且CDT过程膝关节不受限、提高患者舒适度,不易出现关节屈曲引起穿刺部位渗血[12]。本中心对急性混合型DVT患者由早期浅静脉溶栓、胫后静脉切开置管溶栓逐渐转变为小腿深静脉穿刺置管行CDT治疗,取得良好的效果,报告如下。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

收集海南省人民医院血管外科2012年1月—2017年12月共172例急性混合型DVT患者的临床资料,其中89例通过小腿深静脉穿刺行CDT治疗(穿刺组);54例通过暴露胫后静脉,直视下穿刺胫后静脉行CDT治疗(切开组);29例行足背浅静脉溶栓(浅静脉组)。穿刺组:男42例,女47 例;左下肢59 条,右下肢30 条。切开组:男31 例,女23 例;左下肢32 条,右下肢22 条。浅静脉组:男13例,女16例;左下肢20条,右下肢9条。172例患者的平均年龄(43±15)岁,病程(5.3±1.2)d,患者危险因素资料见表1。

表1 患者危险因素[n(%)]
Table 1 Risk factors of the patients[n(%)]

注:1)为疑似危险因素或不明因素
Note:1)The suspicious risk factors or unclear factors

浅静脉组(n=29)蛋白C/S 缺乏1(1.1)0(0.0)0(0.0)骨折/损伤9(10.1) 4(7.4)1(3.4)长期卧床6(6.7)2(3.7)1(3.4)高龄3(3.4)3(5.6)3(10.3)产后6(6.7)3(5.6)1(3.4)肾病综合征2(2.2)1(1.9)0(0.0)红细胞增多症3(3.4)1(1.9)0(0.0)系统性红斑狼疮2(2.2)0(0.0)0(0.0)恶性肿瘤4(4.5)5(9.3)3(10.3)术后制动14(15.7) 6(11.1) 4(13.8)长时间乘坐交通工具3(3.4)0(0.0)0(0.0)其他1)36(40.4) 29(53.7) 16(55.2)因素穿刺组(n=89)切开组(n=54)

纳入标准:经超声明确为混合型DVT;病程<14 d;年龄<75 岁。排除标准:患肢为复发性DVT;下腔静脉闭塞;溶栓药物使用禁忌[6];未能坚持弹力袜压力梯度治疗者;未能按要求服用抗凝药物者;未能定期随访者。

1.2 手术方法

穿刺组:患者仰卧位,在足背浅静脉穿刺放置套管针,于踝关节上5 cm、膝关节下5 cm、膝关节上5 cm分别扎1条止血带,使浅静脉注射的对比剂通过穿通支进入深静脉。全下肢消毒、铺巾,助手通过套管针注入30 mL 70%稀释对比剂,同时双手挤压患肢踝部及小腿下段约30 s,使更多对比剂进入深静脉。在DSA辅助下旋转患肢,从不同角度寻找合适的深静脉备穿刺。确定深静脉后5%利多卡因于穿刺点周围局部麻醉,助手固定患肢,同时缓慢、持续注入对比剂。沿静脉走形方向,钢针(导管鞘,中国益心达)以60°~70°进针,穿破静脉时会有突破感,此时静脉血由于肢体内部压力过高大量涌出,固定钢针,取导丝(RADIFOCUS,日本泰尔茂)缓慢进入深静脉,确认后置入4 F血管鞘(图1)。切开组:于内踝后方纵行切开皮肤,暴露胫后静脉,直视下穿刺并置入4 F血管鞘,成功置管后逐层缝合切口。浅静脉组:足背浅静脉溶栓。

图1 小腿深静脉穿刺 A:穿刺胫后静脉,造影发现静脉大量血栓;B:穿刺腓静脉,造影发现腓静脉、腘静脉大量血栓;C:腓静脉、胫前静脉同时显影,拟穿刺胫前静脉;D:穿刺腓静脉并置入导丝
Figure 1 Deep vein puncture of the lower leg A:Puncture of the posterior tibial vein and angiography showing a large amount of thrombus in the vein;B:Puncture of the peroneal vein,and a large amount of thrombus in the peroneal and popliteal veins revealed by angiography;C:Simultaneous visualization of peroneal vein and anterior tibial vein,and planning to puncture the anterior tibial vein;D:Puncture of the peroneal vein and placement of a guide wire

肝素化(75 U/kg),全程静脉造影明确病变,若髂静脉通畅则放置腔静脉临时滤器,若重度狭窄或者闭塞则不放置临时滤器。4 F猪尾巴导管全程搅栓,同时分段团注共25万U尿激酶,留置Unifuse导管(AngioDynmics,美国)于病变近端持续尿激酶泵入。尿激酶起始剂量为100万U/d,每8 h监测血浆纤维蛋白原(fibrinogen,Fg),Fg<1.5 g/L减少剂量,Fg<1.0 g/L停止溶栓;普通肝素起始剂量为10 U/(kg⋅h),每8 h根据活化部分凝血活酶时间(activated partial thromboplastin time,APTT)调整剂量,使APTT延长在2倍左右。每天复查DSA造影并调整Unifuse导管,血栓清除后若有髂静脉压迫则给予球囊扩张/支架植入术。术后利伐沙班抗凝6个月,支架植入者在抗凝基础上同时服用阿司匹林/氯吡格雷3个月[13-14],长期穿弹力袜压力梯度治疗。

1.3 评价标准

参考Vedantham等[15]提出的溶栓评估标准,根据血栓溶解率将疗效分为3级,I级:<50%溶解;II级:50%~95%溶解;III级95%~100%溶解。疗效评价标准:有效:血栓溶解≥50%;无效:血栓溶解<50%。

1.4 随访

术后6、12、18、24个月通过门诊随访。临床症状、体征通过Villalta评分统计,0~4分:无PTS;5~9分:轻度PTS;10~14分:中度PTS;≥15分或有溃疡:重度PTS。慢性静脉功能不全生活质量问卷调查表(construction and validation of a quality of life questionnaire in chronic lower limb venous insufficiency,CIVID-2),分为无、较轻、一般、较重、严重5个等级,对应1、2、3、4、5分,分数越高,生活质量越差,反之亦然。

1.5 统计学处理

计量资料用均数±标准差(±s)表示,计数资料用百分比表示。采用SPSS 25.0软件进行统计学分析,两组计量资料比较采用t检验,多组资料比较采用方差分析,两组计数资料比较采用χ2检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 手术结果

本研究无症状性肺栓塞发生,共有57例患者放置腔静脉临时滤器,平均放置时间(7.4±1.2)d,均成功回收。46 例患者共放置52 枚支架。穿刺组3 例患者因小腿深静脉均未显影改穿腘静脉,技术成功率96.6%,其中胫后静脉37 例,腓静脉21 例,胫前静脉28 例。切开组技术成功率100%。穿刺组手术时长(51.6±11.4)min,切开组(127.4±22.9)min,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。CDT溶栓通畅率穿刺组为86.5%(77/89),切开组为59.3%(32/54),差异具有统计学意义(P=0.034)。

2.2 临床结果

切开组溶栓过程出现伤口渗血,31 例因伤口渗血减少尿激酶用量,其中5 例出血过多停止溶栓,3例消化道出血;穿刺组2例消化道出血,2例脑出血,其中1例死亡;浅静脉组1例消化道出血,组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。穿刺组大腿周径减少值(7.9±0.5)c m,切开组(7.7±0.3)cm,浅静脉组(7.6±0.4)cm,组间差异有统计学意义(F=4.878,P=0.009);穿刺组小腿周径减少值(4.5±0.3)cm,切开组(4.6±0.2)cm,浅静脉组(4.6±0.3)cm,组间差异无统计学意义(F=1.152,P=0.320);穿刺组尿激酶用量(390.4±34.3)万U,切开组(285.1±49.7)万U,浅静脉组(339.6±72.5)万U,组间差异具有统计学意义(F= 50 .737 ,P<0.001)。大腿周径减少值、尿激酶用量多重比较见表2。

表2 大腿周径减少值、尿激酶用量多重比较结果
Table 2 Results multiple comparisons of the reduction of thigh circumference and doses of urokinase used

项目大腿周径减少值尿激酶用量tP tP穿刺组vs.切开组2.1920.03111.614 <0.001穿刺组vs.浅静脉组2.6920.0093.5610.001切开组vs.浅静脉组1.1940.2373.5630.001

2.3 随访结果

随访11~36个月,24个月随访完成率83.1%。12个月支架一期通畅率80.8%,二期支架通畅率90.0%。术后6个月,穿刺组轻中度PTS发生率为29.2%,切开组为31.5%,浅静脉组为34.5%,组间差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.301,P=0.860);术后12个月,穿刺组为29.9%,切开组为33.3%,浅静脉组为39.3%,组间差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.875,P=0.646);术后18个月,穿刺组为33.3%,切开组为36.1%,浅静脉组为51.9%,组间差异无统计学意义(χ2=3.010,P=0.222);术后24个月,穿刺组为34.2%,切开组为41.9%,浅静脉组为58.3%,组间差异无统计学意义(χ2=4.446,P=0.108)。各组均无重度PTS发生。

术后6个月,穿刺组Villalta评分为2.7±1.5,切开组为3.3±1.6,浅静脉组为2.5±1.3,组间差异无统计学意义(F=1.177,P=0.302);穿刺组CIVID-2评分为21.8±1.0,切开组为21.6±0.8,浅静脉组为22.3±1.1,组间差异有统计学意义(F=4.117,P=0.019)。术后12个月,穿刺组Villalta 评分为3.0±1.6,切开组为3.6±1.7,浅静脉组为4.7±1.6,组间差异有统计学意义(F=10.005,P<0.001);穿刺组CIVID-2评分为22.1±1.3,切开组为22.6±0.8,浅静脉组为23.3±0.7,组间差异有统计学意义(F=12.341,P<0.001)。术后18 个月,穿刺组Villalta 评分为3.5±1.7,切开组为4.1±1.4,浅静脉组为4.9±1.0,组间差异有统计学意义(F=9.790,P<0.001);穿刺组CIVID-2评分为23.1±1.3,切开组为23.7±0.7,浅静脉组为24.2±1.3,组间差异有统计学意义(F=9.032,P<0.001)。术后24个月,穿刺组Villalta评分为4.4±1.4,切开组为5.1±1.2,浅静脉组为6.3±1.6,组间差异有统计学意义(F=18.624,P<0.001);穿刺组CIVID-2评分为23.9±1.4,切开组为25.0±1.0,浅静脉组为24.8±1.4,组间差异有统计学意义(F=9.747,P<0.001)。术后各阶段Villalta评分、CIVID-2评分差异具有统计学意义的多重比较见表3。

表3 Villalta 评分、CIVID-2 评分多重比较结果
Table 3 Results multiple comparisons of Villalta scores and CIVID-2 scores

项目Villalta 评分CIVID-2 评分tP tP术后6 个月穿刺组vs.切开组——0.6950.489穿刺组vs.浅静脉组——2.2080.030切开组vs.浅静脉组——2.8080.007术后12 个月穿刺组vs.切开组1.6240.1082.0540.043穿刺组vs.浅静脉组 4.495 <0.0015.425 <0.001切开组vs.浅静脉组 2.8460.0063.5320.001术后18 个月穿刺组vs.切开组1.9280.0572.4080.018穿刺组vs.浅静脉组 4.909 <0.0013.699 <0.001切开组vs.浅静脉组 2.9110.0052.0260.049术后24 个月穿刺组vs.切开组2.5070.0144.322 <0.001穿刺组vs.浅静脉组 5.717 <0.0013.0330.003切开组vs.浅静脉组 3.6240.0010.3920.697

3 讨论

DVT急性期静脉血突然回流受阻,在静脉压力持续增高和血管炎症刺激的双重作用下,静脉瓣膜容易受损,血液倒流,导致下肢出现水肿、疼痛、静脉曲张以及淤滞性溃疡等症状,即PTS。根据“开放静脉学说”原理[16-20],积极清除急性血栓可能会保留静脉功能并预防PTS[21-22]。CDT是在浸润的作用下将纤维蛋白降解物输送到血栓中,尽快恢复血管通畅,降低PTS风险,同时较大程度地减少出血风险[23-24]。而有一项研究[8]显示,CDT及机械性除栓不能有效降低远期PTS发生率,同时增加出血风险。该研究治疗组336例中24个月内有157例(47.0%)进展为PTS,抗凝组355例中有171例(48%)进展为PTS,差异无统计学意义;而10 d内大出血风险治疗组6例,抗凝组1例(1.7% vs.0.3%,P=0.049)。但该结果需慎重看待:该研究使用阿替普酶,与常用的尿激酶不同;失访的80例患者中2/3是抗凝组,数据可能有差异;存在出血风险的患者未被入选治疗组,可能导致治疗效果被低估;该研究长达5年,治疗理念和方法可能存在变化,且CDT和机械性除栓没有单独分析,很难判断CDT的优劣性。现已有多中心临床研究证实[16-19,25],CDT能有效清除血栓,保护静脉瓣膜功能,降低远期PTS的发生率。多数中心通过腘静脉入路治疗中央型DVT,Enden等[16]研究指出,急性DVT血栓清除越多,远期PTS风险越低。针对混合型DVT,腘静脉入路难以覆盖全部病变,小腿部分血栓只能依靠血栓自溶[26],而笔者中心选择小腿深静脉入路行CDT治疗,通过小腿穿通支达到最大程度清除血栓。

足背静脉注射对比剂后,小腿3条主干深静脉可能部分显影,也可能全部显影,取决于血栓堵塞程度和穿通支静脉开放情况。依次显影的顺序也不尽相同,笔者的经验是腓静脉最容易显影,胫前静脉其次,胫后静脉显影最少。穿刺难易程度与静脉直径相关,胫后静脉最粗,较容易穿刺成功,胫前静脉其次,腓静脉最细,最难穿刺。小腿正位时,胫前静脉和腓静脉位于胫腓骨之间,在小腿远端1/3处较难区分,选择直径较粗的静脉穿刺,成功置管后通过DSA造影进行辨别:腓静脉远端较细,上半部分由于接受几条较大的比目鱼肌支而变粗;胫前静脉在小腿中段稍偏外侧,小腿上段处向内侧靠拢并于骨间膜上缘与胫后静脉汇合形成腘静脉,而腓静脉走形相对较笔直。小腿外旋下较易穿刺胫后静脉,若胫后静脉显影建议优先穿刺:一是直径较粗,技术成功率高;二是此处出血容易压迫止血。笔者早期穿刺针选用泰尔茂,技术成功率较低,可能存在以下因素:静脉壁软而薄,针芯过细,穿刺过程中无突破感;静脉压力低,血管腔内大量血栓充盈,同时针套又细,即使用注射器负压回抽也难以判断针套是否在静脉腔内;穿刺过程中步骤太多,针套容易滑出。现改用钢针,穿刺过程中有突破感,由于小腿压力增加,钢针刺破静脉后会有大量血液涌出,固定钢针后再用泰尔茂套件的导丝缓慢进入静脉。确认进入血管后钢针和导丝需同时退出,直到钢针完全退出体外,因为导丝和钢针不是一整个套件,且钢针容易切割导丝,强行退钢针可能使导丝碎片遗留体内。

小腿穿刺入路的主要并发症是误穿动脉出血,是在静脉穿刺过程中误穿伴行动脉,此时只要快速拔出穿刺针并压迫小腿5 min即可继续静脉穿刺。本研究3例误穿动脉患者均顺利完成CDT治疗,无出血相关并发症发生。随着经验的积累,多数患者都是1~2次穿刺成功,即使患者经过多次静脉穿刺,亦无相关静脉出血并发症发生。Palareti等[27]研究结果显示,周围型DVT患者经过抗凝治疗其小腿静脉血栓自溶率高达90%,但Yoon等[28]发现周围型DVT患者远期发生PTS概率为20%~80%,本研究患者经过CDT治疗,患者小腿深静脉基本通畅,总体有效率为81.9%,为了使混合型DVT患者更多获益,相对风险较低的并发症是可以接受的。小腿深静脉直径偏细,对于需要开通髂静脉的患者,笔者一般选择患肢股静脉穿刺,70例患者接受股静脉穿刺行球囊扩张/支架植入术,术前和术后反复经超声、DSA证实,无穿刺相关并发症发生。

PTS的临床表现各异,以互补的方式评估了它的存在和严重性。Villalta评分表通过对主观症状和客观体征进行量化评估,是目前评价PTS最广为应用的评估标准[29-30]。随访期各阶段各组患者PTS发生率差异均无统计学意义,但穿刺组发生率均低于同期切开组,切开组发生率均低于同期浅静脉组。从各阶段Villalta评分和CIVID-2评分多重比较结果分析:⑴两种评分结果并非完全同步;⑵穿刺组治疗效果最优,切开组其次,浅静脉组最差;⑶即使少数差异无统计学意义,但其数值大致符合上述结果。造成以上结果的差异,笔者认为是使用CDT治疗和尿激酶剂量不同。有研究[31]指出,CDT过程中随着尿激酶用量增长,血栓溶解率提高,降低PTS发生率。本研究切开组患者溶栓过程中由于伤口不同程度渗血导致尿激酶减量,其用量明显少于穿刺组,导致穿刺组血栓溶解率优于切开组。重大出血事件上,穿刺组4例(4.5%),切开组3例(5.6%),差异无统计学意义。研究中也存在一些缺陷:患者随访基本都在上午执行,其PTS症状相对较轻,可能导致结果偏差;部分患者失访,造成结果偏差;海南患者工作节奏较慢,生活相对安逸,降低因久站、久坐引起PTS概率。

综上所述,小腿深静脉穿刺行CDT治疗较暴露深静脉置管溶栓、浅静脉溶栓具有更高血栓溶解率,同时没有增加重大出血事件。目前下肢DVT患者行CDT治疗的主流入路是腘静脉,但对于混合型DVT及一些体位要求无法行腘静脉入路的患者,小腿深静脉穿刺入路是一种可选择的治疗方式。

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Clinical analysis of catheter-directed thrombolysis via lower leg deep venous puncture approach for acute mixed deep vein thrombosis

WU Hongfei,ZENG Zhaofan,QI Youfei,XIAO Zhanxiang

(Department of Vascular Surgery,Hainan General Hospital/Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University,Haikou 570311,China)

Abstract Background and Aims:The popliteal vein is the mainstream approach currently to perform catheter-directed thrombolysis(CDT)for patients with deep vein thrombosis(DVT)of the lower limbs.However,for some patients with mixed DVT or specific postural requirements in whom the popliteal vein access cannot be established,the lower leg deep venous puncture approach may be an alternative treatment option.Therefore,this study was conducted to investigate the feasibility and safety of using lower leg deep venous puncture approach to perform CDT for the treatment of patients with acute mixed DVT.Methods:The clinical data of 172 patients with acute mixed DVT admitted from January 2012 to December 2017 were retrospectively analyzed.Of the patients,89 cases underwent CDT treatment through the lower leg deep venous puncture approach(puncture group),54 cases underwent CDT by posterior tibial vein puncture under direct vision after exposure of the posterior tibial vein(incision group)and 29 cases underwent thrombolysis via dorsal superficial vein of foot(superficial vein group).The relevant clinical variables of the three groups of patients were analyzed and compared.Results:In puncture group,deep venous puncture was successfully performed in 86 patients(96.6%),including 37 cases of the posterior tibial vein,21 cases of the fibular vein,and 28 cases of the anterior tibial vein.In incision group,the vascular sheath was successfully inserted from the posterior tibial vein in all patients(100%).Gastrointestinal hemorrhage and cerebral hemorrhage in 2 patients each in puncture group,and gastrointestinal hemorrhage occurred in 3 patients in incision group and occurred in one patient in superficial vein group,respectively.The incidence rates of bleeding events among the three group had no statistical difference(P>0.05).The patency rate of CDT was 86.5%(77/89)in puncture group and 59.3%(32/54)in incision group,and the difference was statistically significant(P=0.034).The reduction of the thigh circumference and the dose of urokinase used in puncture group were significantly larger than those in the other two groups(all P<0.05).The difference in reduction of the calf circumference showed no statistical difference among the three groups(F=1.152,P=0.320).The incidence rates of mild to moderate post-thrombotic syndrome(PTS)showed no statistical differences among the three groups at 6,12,18 and 24 months after operation(χ2=0.301,P=0.860;χ2=0.875,P=0.646;χ2=3.010,P=0.222;χ2=4.446,P=0.108),and no severe PTS occurred in all the three groups.There was no statistical difference in the Villalta scores among the three groups at 6 months after operation(F=1.177,P=0.302),but the Villalta scores in puncture group were superior to those in the other two groups at 12,18 and 24 months after operation,and except for no statistical significance reached between puncture group and incision group at 12 months after operation(P=0.108),all other differences had statistical significance(all P<0.05).The CIVID-2 scores in puncture group were all superior to those in the other two group at 6,12,18 and 24 months after operation,and all differences reached a statistical significance(all P<0.05).Conclusion:Using lower leg deep venous puncture approach to perform CDT has a higher thrombolysis rate than those of CDT after deep vein exposure and superficial vein thrombolysis,with no increase in major bleeding events.So,it is a preferred choice for acute mixed DVT.

Key words Venous Thrombosis;Lower Extremity;Mechanical Thrombolysis;Postthrombotic Syndrome

中图分类号:R654.3

doi:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.2021.06.004

http://dx.doi.org/10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.2021.06.004

Chinese Journal of General Surgery,2021,30(6):655-662.

基金项目:海南省院士创新平台科研专项基金资助项目[琼科(2020)256 号]。

收稿日期:2020-03-01;

修订日期:2021-05-16。

作者简介:吴鸿飞,海南省人民医院/海南医学院附属海南医院副主任医师,主要从事大血管及外周血管疾病方面的研究。

通信作者:肖占祥,Email:xiaozxhn@163.com

CLC number:R654.3

(本文编辑 宋涛)

本文引用格式:吴鸿飞,曾昭凡,戚悠飞,等.经小腿深静脉入路行CDT治疗急性混合型深静脉血栓形成的临床分析[J].中国普通外科杂志,2021,30(6):655-662.doi:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.2021.06.004

Cite this article as:Wu HF,Zeng ZF,Qi YF,et al.Clinical analysis of catheter-directed thrombolysis via lower leg deep venous puncture approach for acute mixed deep vein thrombosis[J].Chin J Gen Surg,2021,30(6):655-662.doi:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.2021.06.004