ObjectiveTo survey the etiology of gallstone disease in Kelamay region of Xinjiang.MethodsA population of 8257 people based on local demographic data was chosen by means of PPS（Probability proportional to size）randomly. They were investigated by questionaire and physical examination, followed by ultrasound and analysis of fasting blood sugar and lipid profile. The data were analyzed by statistical software SPSS 11.0, and the main risk factors were identified by means of logistic regression. Results92.4% of the designed population went through all the processes of the study. The prevalence of gallstone in Kelamay region was 15.45%. Among a variety of risk factors, the predominant ones were sex, diameter of the common bile duct and difference in nationality (with OR=1.92,1.83,1.4 respectively). ConclusionsThe formation of gallstone is a result of the action of multiple factors, among which, sex, difference of nationality and internal diameter of common bile duct have influence on its formation.