Objective: To investigate the alteration patterns of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2, MMP-9) and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) in inferior vena cava (IVC) after injury and the effects exerted by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). Methods: Forty-eight rabbits were randomly divided into experimental group (treated with G-CSF after operation) and control group (treated with normal saline) after IVC balloon injury was performed. The injured vascular segments (n=6) in both groups of rabbits were excised on postoperative day (POD) 3, 7, 14, and 28 respectively, for immunochemical staining of MMP-2, MMP-9 and TGF-β1. Results: In uninjured rabbit IVC, there was a small amount of MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression, and nearly no TGF-β1 expression. After injury, the expressions of all the three factors in IVC were significantly increased, and all of them reached their maximal degrees on POD 7 and then declined. G-CSF treatment showed no effect on the expression of the three factors during the course of their increase (3 and 7 d) (both P>0.05 vs. control group), but markedly accelerated the decreasing tendency of their levels (14 and 28 d) (both P<0.05 vs. control group). Conclusion: There are short-term increased expressions of remodeling-associated factors in IVC after intimal injury. G-CSF cannot inhibit the increase of these factors but can accelerate their decrease, and may be favorable for the inhibition of excessive proliferation of the vascular smooth muscle cells and acceleration of the reendothelialization process.