Peritoneal adhesion is generally considered a common complication triggered by peritoneum damage after abdominal surgery. Clinical and experimental studies have confirmed that the use of anti-adhesion drugs and materials, and minimally traumatic instruments are unable to effectively prevent postoperative adhesion formation. In order to reduce the incidence of adhesions, scholars all over the world have, from different perspectives, engaged in the study on the pathogenesis of peritoneal adhesion, and accumulated voluminous literature. Studies on the effects of immunity and inflammation in the pathophysiological process of peritoneal adhesions has been given more attention. Based on the systematic analysis of the relevant research literature of foreign scholars, in this paper, the authors have aimed to clarify the relationship of inflammation and immunity to peritoneal adhesions, and provide new targets and routes for clinical prevention and treatment of peritoneal adhesions.