Objective: To investigate the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in treatment of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Methods: The clinical data of 63 patients with stage I to III TNBC treated from January 2009 to January 2013 were analyzed retrospectively. Of the patients, 31 cases received preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy (neoadjuvant chemotherapy group) and 32 cases directly underwent surgery and postoperative adjuvant therapy (postoperative adjuvant therapy group). Sequential taxanes after anthracycline-based regimen was adopted in either neoadjuvant chemotherapy or postoperative adjuvant therapy. The preoperative benefit in neoadjuvant chemotherapy group of patients was analyzed, and the postoperative recurrence, metastasis and survival of the two groups of patients were compared. Results: The overall preoperative benefit rate among the 31 patients in neoadjuvant chemotherapy group was 100%, in which the complete response rate reached 61.29% (19/31). Local recurrence or distant metastasis within postoperative 3 years occurred in 13 cases (41.94%) in neoadjuvant chemotherapy group and 22 cases (68.75%) in postoperative adjuvant therapy group respectively, and the difference between the two groups had statistical significance (χ2=4.585, P<0.05). In neoadjuvant chemotherapy group and postoperative adjuvant therapy group, the 3-year disease-free survival rate was 48.38% and 25.00%, and 5-year overall survival rate was 38.71% and 9.78% respectively, and these two parameters in neoadjuvant chemotherapy group were significantly better than those in postoperative adjuvant therapy group (χ2=4.870, P=0.027; χ2=7.469, P=0.006). Conclusion: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with an anthracycline-based regimen plus taxanes can effectively benefit the TNBC patients, and its long-term efficacy is also better than that of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy.