Objective: To analyze the efficacy of local resection of the body and tail of the pancreas combined with vascular resection and reconstruction in treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer. Methods: Fifty-eight patients with advanced pancreatic cancer in the body and tail of the pancreas admitted from 2010 to 2012 were divided into observational group and control group. Patients in observational group underwent local resection of the body and tail of the pancreas combined with vascular resection and reconstruction plus postoperative chemotherapy, and those in control group received chemotherapy only. The treatment effects and survivals between the two groups of patients were compared, and the prognostic factors for the patients were also analyzed. Results: The general data of the two groups of patients were comparable. In observational group compared with control group, the objective response rate (44.9% vs. 6.9%) and disease control rate (82.8% vs. 55.2%) were significantly increased (both P<0.05); the half-year survival rate (79.3% vs. 48.3%), 1-year survival rate (55.2% vs. 17.2%), mean survival time (17.6 months vs. 10.3 months), overall survival rate and progression-free survival rate were all significantly improved (all P<0.05). There was no significant difference in incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups (P>0.05). Univariate analysis showed that tumor stage and presence or absence of lymph node/vessel metastasis were influential factors for progression-free survival of the patients (both P<0.05). Conclusion: For patients with advanced pancreatic cancer who are able to receive surgical treatment, local resection of the body and tail of the pancreas combined with vascular resection and reconstruction may offer better results, and it is recommended to be used.