Hypoparathyroidism-induced hypocalcemia is a common complication following thyroid surgery, which considerably impairs the patient’s quality of life. Surgery-related factors and postoperative management as well as patient- and disease-related factors, are closely associated with the occurrence of postoperative hypocalcemia. Accelerating the recovery of postoperative function of the parathyroid glands has significant importance in prevention of permanent hypoparathyroidism. Supplementary calcium and vitamin D intake is the main treatment method for hypoparathyroidism, but at the same time, the complications related to long-term use of calcium supplements should be prevented and treated accordingly. Parathyroid hormone replacement therapy promises to be an important treatment of hypocalcium after thyroidectomy.