Objective: To investigate the clinical efficacy of balloon dilatation angioplasty in treatment of stenosis of hemodialysis arteriovenous fistula (AVF). Methods: The clinical data of 31 patients undergoing balloon dilatation angioplasty for stenosis of hemodialysis AVF from May 2014 to December 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. Results: Of the 31 patients, 18 cases were male and 13 cases were female; 27 cases had radial artery to cephalic vein AVF, 2 cases had radial artery to basilica vein AVF, and 2 cases had ulnar artery to basilic vein AVF; all cases underwent balloon dilatation angioplasty. Technical success was achieved in 28 patients (90.3%), and no perioperative death occurred. After operation, pseudoaneurysm at puncture site, thrombosis in AVF and forearm hematoma occurred in one case each, and arteriovenous fistula patency was restored which provided normal blood flow for hemodialysis. Postoperative followed-up was conducted for 3 to 12 months, the 3-, 6-, 12-month primary patency rate was 92.9%, 75.0% and 50.0%, respectively. Conclusion: For stenosis of AVF, balloon dilatation angioplasty is minimally invasive and safe, and is a proper treatment method. However, its mid- and long-term efficacy needs further improvement.