The incidence rates of thyroid carcinoma have been on a rise in children and adolescents. Thyroid carcinoma in this population presents a higher degree of malignancy, but a longer survival period compared with adult patients. The main clinical manifestations include neck mass and hoarseness. Diagnostic methods include ultrasound, fine needle cytology and molecular diagnosis. The treatment methods include surgery, endocrine therapy, 131I therapy and targeted drug therapy, among which surgery is the main treatment option. The authors address research progress in thyroid cancer in children and adolescents in combination with items proposed by the guidelines.