Gallstone is one of the most common and frequently-occurring diseases of the digestive system in clinical practice. It is a disease of the biliary system affected by many factors such as genetics, environment and food preferences. It has many pathogenic factors, and its clinical symptoms are varied, and mainly characterized by the right upper abdominal pain. With the social progress and the improvement of people's living standards, the incidence of this condition is on the rise. At present, there are growing number of studies on drug and surgical treatment of gallstones, but the problems such as high recurrence rate and many complications are still unsolved. Recent studies have shown that the metabolites of intestinal flora short-chain fatty acids have a certain effect on the formation of cholesterol gallstones. In this paper, the authors address the relationship between the butyrate, one of the short-chain fatty acids, and the formation of cholesterol gallstones.