Background and Aims At present, surgical resection is still the preferred treatment choice for cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), but the postoperative recurrence rate is high and the survival rate of patients is low. The determination of influencing factors for postoperative survival of CCA patients may be helpful for optimizing surgical planning, and thereby, to a certain extent improving the prognosis of the patients. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the factors influencing the postoperative survival of patients with CCA arising from different histological sites, so as to provide reference for clinical treatment.Methods The clinicopathologic data of 133 patients with CCA undergoing surgical treatment from January 2011 to March 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 58 patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA), 30 patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma (hCCA), and 45 patients with distal cholangiocarcinoma (dCCA). The relations of the clinicopathologic characteristics with the postoperative survival of patients were analyzed and the prognostic factors were determined.Results For iCCA patients, the 1-, 2-, 3- and 5-year survival rates were 41.38%, 22.41%, 8.62% and 3.45%, respectively. Univariate analysis showed that the concomitant bile duct stones, preoperative serum albumin (ALB) level, thrombin time, levels of CEA, CA125 and CA19-9, Child-Pugh grade, the maximum diameter of the mass, whether or not R₀ resection was achieved, lymph node metastasis and the histological grade were associated with the postoperative survival of iCCA patients (all P<0.05); multivariate analysis showed that the preoperative ALB level, thrombin time, CA19-9, Child-Pugh grade, maximum diameter of tumor and whether or not R₀ resection was achieved were independent influencing factors for the postoperative survival of iCCA patients (all P<0.05). For patients with hCCA, the 1-, 2-, 3- and 5-year survival rates were 43.33%, 20.0%, 6.67% and 3.33%, respectively. Univariate analysis showed that the preoperative CEA level, whether or not R₀ resection was achieved, presence of lymph node metastasis, degree of differentiation of the tumor, the maximum diameter of the mass and presence of the portal vein invasion were related to the postoperative survival of hCCA patients (all P<0.05); multivariate analysis showed that whether or not R₀ resection was achieved, presence of lymph node metastasis, histological grade, portal vein invasion and maximum diameter of tumor were independent influencing factors for the postoperative survival of hCCA patients (all P<0.05). For patients with dCCA, the 1-, 2-, 3- and 5-year survival rates were 62.22%, 31.11%, 17.78% and 14.29, respectively. Univariate analysis showed that the lymph node metastasis and histological grade were associated with the postoperative survival of dCCA patients (all P<0.05), multivariate analysis showed that the lymph node metastasis, histological grade and whether or not R₀ resection was achieved were independent influencing factors for the postoperative survival of dCCA patients (all P<0.05).Conclusion There are generally common prognostic factors for CCA arising from different histological sites. Evaluation of these factors may helpful for estimating the prognosis of CCA, improving the stratification standard of CCA patients, optimizing the preoperative and postoperative treatment of CCA patients, and lengthening the survival time.