Parathyroid gland is a nodular endocrine gland in the neck of the human body, which is located behind the thyroid gland. Its main function is to secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH), which regulates blood calcium. Hyperparathyroidism (HPT) means that the parathyroid gland secretes abnormally high PTH levels, which causes blood biochemical changes, damage of related system function, seriously affects the quality of life of patients, and even leads to death. The most important treatment is surgical resection of the diseased parathyroid gland, and accurate location is significant for minimally invasive parathyroidectomy. Because it can improve the success rate of operation and minimize the incidence of accidental parathyroid injury and injury-related complications. In recent years, with the innovation and popularization of technology and equipment, different positioning methods provide better sensitivity and accuracy. The continuous deepening and updating of clinical research offer a better guiding significance for the localization of different types of HPT. At present, minimally invasive parathyroid surgery has replaced the traditional extensive exploration, which ensures the success rate of operation, brings fewer injuries and complications, and demands a higher requirement for parathyroid localization. Therefore, the author reviews the research progress of parathyroid localization in HPT to provide better localization choices and some new ideas and directions for the surgical treatment of HPT.