Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) is a condition caused by a reduction in the secretion or activity of pancreatic juice and its digestive enzymes, particularly pancreatic lipase. EPI can lead to symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, steatorrhea, malnutrition, and weight loss, and may even increase the risk of osteoporosis and cardiovascular diseases. Diagnosis mainly relies on direct and indirect functional tests, while treatment is centered on pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy combined with comprehensive management strategies. This article summarizes the research progress on the definition, common causes, diagnostic methods, treatment, and prevention strategies of EPI, aiming to provide insights for optimizing its diagnosis and management.