摘要
意外胆囊癌(IGC)是因胆囊良性疾病接受胆囊切除术后,通过术中或术后病理发现的胆囊癌。由于胆囊癌常伴随胆囊结石和息肉等良性病变,且常规经腹超声对早期诊断的敏感性有限,导致IGC占所有胆囊癌病例的2/3以上。为提高早期诊断率,术前应对高危患者进行高分辨率超声检查,并结合影像组学和分子标记物应用减少误诊、漏诊。大部分IGC患者处于早期阶段,残余病灶发生率高,延迟根治术可有效改善预后。然而,局部进展期患者不宜盲目实施根治术,转化手术可能是更合适的选择。延迟根治术的最佳时机为初次手术后2~8周内,具体手术时机应基于急性炎症消退后肿瘤分期和转移评估。对于T1b~T2期患者,建议进行肝Ⅳb/Ⅴ段切除术和淋巴结清扫以确保根治效果。腹腔镜技术在胆囊癌治疗中的应用日益广泛,手术安全性和肿瘤根治效果得到验证,越来越多肝胆外科医生支持微创治疗。此外,吲哚菁绿引导的荧光腹腔镜技术能够精确进行淋巴结清扫和肝切除,降低术后并发症发生的风险。面对IGC患者肝门和肝十二指肠韧带区的复杂解剖,实施3D腹腔镜下PH路径(基于门静脉和肝动脉为解剖轴心)延迟根治术,有助于避免器官损伤和肿瘤播散。本文综述了IGC的外科治疗现状,并探讨了PH路径在腹腔镜胆囊癌根治术中的应用。
胆囊癌是最常见的胆道恶性肿瘤,也是发病率第三的消化系统恶性肿瘤。胆囊癌发病隐匿,早期症状不典型,常与胆囊良性疾病混合发生。胆囊癌患者中69%~100%合并胆囊结石,而胆囊息肉中有3%~8%具有恶性潜
IGC是因胆囊结石和胆囊息肉等胆囊良性疾病接受胆囊切除手术,经术中或术后病理检查结果证实的胆囊癌。胆囊癌的发生与胆囊结石、胆囊息肉等胆囊良性疾病密切相
文献报道IGC占所有胆囊癌病例数量的50%~70%。美国每年进行超过70万次的胆囊切除术,IGC发病率为0.2%~2.9%,而亚洲IGC的发病率高于欧美国
胆囊癌发病隐匿,早期无特异性症状。经腹超声是胆囊疾病的常规筛查方法,但难以有效鉴别早期胆囊癌。内镜超声鉴别早期判断胆囊癌的准确率达85%,明显优于经腹部超声。但接受内镜超声检查的患者需充分镇静以防止呕吐反射和位置变动所致伪影,这限制了其应用。高分辨率超声检查无需镇静,且诊断胆囊癌的准确率与内镜超声相当,是早期胆囊癌经济高效的理想诊断方
随着“恶性肿瘤是全身性疾病”这一观点逐步成为共识,胆囊癌的外科治疗理念已经从形态学切除转向强调生物学切除。对于肝床受累<2 cm、无肝十二指肠韧带淋巴结转移的T3期胆囊癌患者,再次接受肝Ⅳb/Ⅴ段切除和区域淋巴结清扫可实现R0切
IGC患者接受延迟根治术的时间差异较大,中位时间为2~3个月,范围在1~11个月之
值得注意的是,许多研
Tis和T1a期胆囊癌患者接受单纯胆囊切除术后,5年生存率可达100%,术后复发转移率<2%,淋巴结转移发生率<2.5
T1b及以上分期IGC患者残余病灶发生率较高,需接受延迟根治术以改善患者预
然而,实施胆囊癌根治术时肝切除范围仍存在争议。胆囊癌主要通过淋巴途径和静脉途径发生肝转移。在原发或转移肿瘤堵塞淋巴管、引起淋巴液逆流时,才会发生经淋巴途径的肝转
淋巴结转移是影响胆囊癌预后的独立危险因素之
20世纪80年代以来,腹腔镜胆囊切除术逐步成为各级医院常规开展的、胆囊良性疾病的标准治疗术式。然而,首次将腹腔镜技术应用于胆囊癌治疗的报
在腹腔镜胆囊癌根治术的初步探索阶段,由于腹腔镜技术用于胆囊癌治疗的手术安全性和肿瘤根治效果未得到充分证实,外科医生通常将腹腔镜用于胆囊癌分期,防止不必要的剖腹手术,从而提高根治性切除
从肿瘤根治效果来看,腹腔镜延迟胆囊癌根治术实现R0切除的关键在于足够的淋巴结清扫范围和阴性肝切缘。随着肝门板解剖、Glisson鞘入路的解剖性肝段切除和腹腔镜下肝离断止血技术日益成熟,腹腔镜胆囊癌根治术中肝切除的范围和安全性得到了保
从手术安全性的角度出发,相较于开放式再切除,IGC的腹腔镜再切除在90 d病死率、并发症发生率、手术时间和术中出血量等评估手术安全性的重要指标方面并不逊
目前,尽管仍然推荐由熟练掌握腹腔镜肝切除、腹腔淋巴结清扫和消化道重建技术的外科医生谨慎地选择早期IGC患者(T1b~T2期)开展腹腔镜延迟根治术,但T3期IGC接受腹腔镜手术的可行性已得到证
2022年Anselmo
在IGC的二次手术中,吲哚菁绿引导的荧光腹腔镜技术通过清晰显示胆管、肝实质内病灶和淋巴回流途径,从而实现更精准的淋巴结清扫和肝切除,避免胆管缺血所致术后胆汁漏、胆管狭窄和肝内病灶残留。但仍需进一步研究来阐明吲哚菁绿在腹腔镜胆囊癌延迟根治术中的最佳给药技术(剂量和注射位置等)、适应证和安全
肝门解剖和肝十二指肠韧带骨骼化是肝切除和淋巴结清扫的关键。胆囊癌延迟根治术中,在胆囊床炎性组织的牵拉下,网膜组织、胃、十二指肠和横结肠更加贴近肝门,使得术区解剖结构复杂和操作空间狭小,分离解剖难度增加。此外,由于胆囊癌倾向于淋巴脉管转移的生物学特性,IGC患者的肝门和肝十二指肠韧带区往往炎症粘连和肿瘤侵犯混合发生,甚至发展为“冰冻样肝门”,导致肝十二指肠韧带骨骼化难度提升,术中发生胆管、肝动脉和门静脉意外损伤的风险极大增加。国内专家共
在此背景下,基于肿瘤外科原则,笔者提出了三维(3D)腹腔镜下PH路径的胆囊癌延迟根治术,其核心理念是以门静脉(P)和肝动脉(H)为解剖轴心,完成肝组织连同胆囊床周围粘连组织和淋巴结的整块切除。鉴于可能涉及腹腔镜肝切除、高位胆管空肠吻合和门静脉修补重建等内容,建议在大容量中心由熟练掌握腹腔镜肝切除、血管和胆管切除重建的肝胆外科医师,选择无血管侵犯和远处转移的T1b~T2期IGC患者实施3D腹腔镜PH路径的延迟胆囊癌根治术,以保障手术安全性和肿瘤根治效果。
患者采取头高脚低、分腿位,根据术中操作需要调整为略左倾或右倾。兼顾患者体型、肝切除范围和是否行胆肠吻合等因素,决定建立脐上或脐下观察孔(10 mm),同时建议使用低气腹压(10~12 mmHg,1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)预防穿刺孔转移。2个5 mm和2个12 mm操作孔分别位于左右上腹部。
⑴ 腹腔镜探查:建立观察孔后,全面探查腹腔以排除腹腔转移,建议积极对可疑转移病灶行术中快速冷冻病理学检查(

图1 术中发现可疑转移病灶
Figure 1 Suspicious metastatic lesions found during the operation

图2 术区周围组织分离 A:逐层分离、牵拉向肝门的结肠和大网膜;B-C:远离胆囊床炎性粘连组织,充分显露胃和十二指肠降部;D-E:胆囊床炎性包裹组织与胃窦部、十二指肠球部上缘由疏松腹膜组织连接;F:胃窦区和十二指肠球部粘连/可疑病灶活检
Figure 2 Dissection of surrounding tissue in the operative area A: Layer-by-layer dissection and retraction of the colon and omentum toward the hepatic hilum; B-C: Dissection away from the inflammatory adhesions at the gallbladder bed, fully exposing the stomach and descending duodenum; D-E: The inflammatory encapsulating tissue at the gallbladder bed is connected to the loose peritoneal tissue at the upper edge of the gastric antrum and duodenal bulb; F: Adhesion/suspicious lesion biopsy in the gastric antrum and duodenal bulb area

图3 第一阶段PH轴右侧解剖 A:显露下腔静脉和左肾静脉后,切除主动脉旁(16组)淋巴结;B-C:术中冷冻病理学检查阴性,则继续清除胰头后方(13a组)和胆管后方(12b组)淋巴结,显露胆总管中上段,紧贴胆总管汇入胰腺处离断;D:胆管切缘快速冷冻病理学检查结果阴性,以门静脉前中线为界,完整分离门静脉前方和右侧淋巴结缔组织;E:胆囊床炎性包裹组织、胆管和13a/12b/12p淋巴结缔组织作为一个整体与门静脉分离,仅在门静脉后方通过纤维结缔组织与左侧肝固有动脉(12a组)和肝总动脉(8组)淋巴结缔组织连接
Figure 3 First stage right PH axis dissection A: After exposing the inferior vena cava and left renal vein, excise the para-aortic (group 16) lymph nodes; B-C: Intraoperative frozen section pathology is negative, continue to remove lymph nodes behind the pancreatic head (group 13a) and behind the bile duct (group 12b), expose the middle and upper segments of the common bile duct, and sever the bile duct close to its junction with the pancreas; D: Frozen section pathology of the bile duct margin is negative, and the anterior portal vein line is used as the boundary to completely separate the connective tissue in front of the portal vein and the right lymph node tissue; E: The inflammatory encapsulating tissue at the gallbladder bed, bile duct, and 13a/12b/12p lymph node tissue are separated as a whole from the portal vein, with only fibrous connective tissue at the posterior portal vein connecting them to the left hepatic artery (group 12a) and common hepatic artery (group 8) lymph node tissue

图4 PH轴左侧解剖 A:打开小网膜囊,在胰腺上缘解剖游离肝总动脉和第8组淋巴结;B:游离肝固有动脉和第12a组淋巴结;C-D:将第8组/12a组淋巴结缔组织作为一个整体在门静脉后方推向右侧
Figure 4 Left PH axis dissection A: Open the lesser omental sac and dissect the common hepatic artery and group 8 lymph nodes along the superior margin of the pancreas; B: Free the proper hepatic artery and group 12a lymph nodes; C-D: Move the group 8/12a lymph node connective tissue as a whole to the right behind the portal vein

图5 第二阶段PH轴右侧解剖
Figure 5 Second stage right PH axis dissection

图6 肝楔形切除
Figure 6 Wedge resection of liver
2018年1月1日—2024年12月31日,笔者团队共完成3D腹腔镜PH路径延迟胆囊癌根治术20例。该组患者男女比例为1∶3;中位年龄57(51~66)岁;距初次手术时间间隔20(14.00~23.75)d;延迟根治术手术时间250(195.50~283.75)min;术后住院时间11.5(10.25~16)d;术后初次化疗间隔时间47(37.5~60.0)d;淋巴结清扫数目5.5(4.00~9.25)枚,10例(50%)患者淋巴结清扫数目≥6枚;残余病灶发生率45%,残余病灶所在部位分别为胆囊管(35%)、淋巴结(30%)、肝(10%)和术区粘连组织(5%);术后2例患者发生国际肝脏外科研究小组(International Study Group of Liver Surgery,ISGLS)A级胆瘘,其余患者均未发生术后并发症;4例患者失访,3例患者分别在术后9、22、24个月发生复发转移,转移部位分别为肝、肺和腹膜后淋巴结,其余患者随访未见肿瘤复发转移证据(末次随访日期:2025年1月20日)。这些结果表明3D腹腔镜PH路径延迟胆囊癌根治术除了恢复快、创伤小等传统腹腔镜手术的优点外,还具有较好的围手术期安全性和肿瘤根治效果,但仍然需要大样本研究进一步证实上述结论。
胆囊癌具有高度恶性的生物学行为,易复发和转移,预后较差。应重视具有高危癌变因素的胆囊疾病患者的术前评估,减少漏诊误诊,防止IGC的发生。IGC患者残余病灶发生率高,T1b~T2期等早期IGC患者建议接受延迟根治术以改善预后,但部分局部进展期胆囊癌患者接受转化手术可能是更好的选择。由于胆囊癌总体发病率不高,国内外关于腹腔镜胆囊癌根治术的研究多为小型回顾性队列研究。因此,国内外指南仍推荐谨慎地在早期胆囊癌患者中开展腹腔镜根治手术,且建议积极中转开腹手术以保障肿瘤根治效果和手术安全。但鉴于腹腔镜技术应用于其他消化系统肿瘤的成果,大部分经验丰富的肝胆外科医生仍然肯定了腹腔镜胆囊根治术的价值。随着病例数量的积累,预期未来会有更多的多中心回顾性研究提供关于腹腔镜胆囊癌根治术的高质量证据。
作者贡献声明
罗琦漤收集文献资料、构思大纲、撰写并修改文章;王敏提出研究思路、撰写、审阅并批改文章;秦仁义提供理论指导、撰写、审阅并最终定稿。
利益冲突
所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
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