摘要
极度肥胖合并2型糖尿病诊断标准为体质量指数(BMI)≥50 kg/
肥胖是一种全球性的流行病,世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)将体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)>30 kg/
对于SO合并T2D患者,代谢手术几乎是唯一有效的治疗手段,但手术的风险也明显升高,包括手术本身的风险、肥胖相关疾病的风险和血糖异常的风
患者体质量的增加导致其自身呼吸和循环的负荷增加,进而导致患者术中麻醉意外风险增加。解决这一问题的整体思路是减少手术时间,减轻麻醉和手术本身对患者的打击。对于一般肥胖患者(BMI在30~50 kg/
肥胖相关的呼吸系统风险最为常

图1 肥胖相关的围手术期风险排查流程
Figure 1 Perioperative risk screening process related to obesity
SO患者中,大约有20%~40%同时患有T2
BMI≥50 kg/
SO患者需要完善基本的问诊、查体及常规的术前检查用来排除一些呼吸、循环等系统疾病。降低这些围手术期风险需要明确以下3个问题:⑴ 是否存在有效干预措施?⑵ 经过多长时间干预、能达到什么效果?⑶ 如果不能达到预期效果,有无备用解决方案?
降低呼吸系统围手术期风险的核心是保证患者的氧分压(PaO2)>60 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)、二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)<50 mmHg,具体干预手段以呼吸机辅助通气为主,干预时间一般持续1~2个
SO合并T2D患者的围手术期血糖控制在7.8~10.0 mmol/L可较好地控制手术风
SO患者通过完善术前检查,如果发现异常请相关科室协助,待问题解决后,明确患者有无血糖异常,若无血糖异常或轻度血糖异常(IFG和IGT),无需术前干预,做好血糖监测即可。如果有血糖异常,目标是将术前空腹及餐后2 h血糖控制在7.8~10.0 mmol/L之间,具体方式有口服降糖药物、皮下注射胰岛素以及胰岛素泵持续静脉注射(

图2 SO合并T2D患者的血糖管理流程图
Figure 2 Management process of extremely obese patients with type 2 diabetes
SO合并T2D患者术后围手术期又可分为术后在院期和出院期。术后在院期患者由于无法进食,需要通过静脉补液满足水分和能量的需要。输液时葡萄糖直接进入静脉,有可能造成血糖波动幅度较大,需警惕高血糖和低血糖事件的发生。在院期间,每日分别于0∶00、6∶00、12∶00、18∶00监测4次血糖(

图3 SO合并T2D患者术后在院期管理流程图
Figure 3 Postoperative management process of extremely obese patients with type 2 diabetes
患者出院后,由于可以经口进食,需每日监测空腹血糖及三餐后2 h血糖(4次/d)。血糖在7.8~10 mmol/L可口服降糖药物对症治疗,血糖>10 mmol/L需随餐注射短效胰岛素,并在餐后2 h复查血糖,如果餐后血糖仍>10 mmol/L,则需增加下次随餐给药剂量,直至下次餐后2 h血糖<10 mmol/L。值得注意的是,随着术后进食习惯的改变及体质量的下降,术后控糖的给药剂量也可能需随之改变,患者出院后应根据其反馈及血糖波动情况及时调整给药方案。
不是所有SO合并T2D患者的围手术期风险均可得到有效的解决。例如SO患者呼吸受限,产生了Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭症状,同时因肥胖导致心脏功能严重受损,甚至产生心衰的症状,这种情况下经多学科会诊讨论,有可能得出“待患者心肺功能好转后择期手术”的会诊意见。但此类患者的一系列症状是因肥胖造成的,不通过手术治疗解决肥胖问题,患者的心肺功能经保守治疗后仍有进一步恶化的可能
上述这些情况目前尚无统一的金标准。SO合并T2D患者的管理流程使用于大部分患者,但并不是全部,很多细节有待进一步完善,需要临床医生及科研人员继续努力。
利益冲突
所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
参考文献
Sørensen TIA, Martinez AR, Jørgensen TSH. Epidemiology of Obesity[J]. Handb Exp Pharmacol, 2022, 274:3-27. doi: 10.1007/164_2022_581. [百度学术]
郝丽鑫, 张兵, 王惠君, 等. 1989—2018年我国15个省(自治区、直辖市)18~35岁成年人超重和肥胖变化趋势及流行特征[J]. 环境与职业医学, 2022, 39(5):471-477. doi:10.11836/JEOM21386. [百度学术]
Hao LX, Zhang B, Wang HJ, et al. Trends and epidemic characteristics of overweight and obesity among adults aged 18-35 in 15 provinces(autonomous regions/municipalities) of China from 1989 to 2018[J]. Journal of Environmental & Occupational Medicine, 2022, 39(5):471-477. doi:10.11836/JEOM21386. [百度学术]
Hales CM, Carroll MD, Fryar CD, et al. Prevalence of Obesity and Severe Obesity Among Adults: United States, 2017-2018[J]. NCHS Data Brief, 2020, (360):1-8. [百度学术]
Tasdighi E, Mousapour P, Khalaj A, et al. Comparison of mid-term effectiveness and safety of one-anastomosis gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy in patients with super obesity (BMI ≥ 50 kg/
Ponce de León-Ballesteros G, Sánchez-Aguilar HA, Mosti M, et al. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in patients with super obesity: primary response criteria and their relationship with comorbidities remission[J]. Obes Surg, 2022, 32(3):652-659. doi: 10.1007/s11695-021-4. [百度学术]
Gomes-Rocha SR, Costa-Pinho AM, Pais-Neto CC, et al. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass vs sleeve gastrectomy in super obesity: a systematic review and Meta-analysis[J]. Obes Surg, 2022, 32(1):170-185. doi: 10.1007/s11695-021-8. [百度学术]
Magliano DJ, Islam RM, Barr ELM, et al. Trends in incidence of total or type 2 diabetes: systematic review[J]. BMJ, 2019, 366:l5003. doi: 10.1136/bmj.l5003. [百度学术]
Sun H, Saeedi P, Karuranga S, et al. IDF Diabetes Atlas: global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045[J]. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2022, 183:109119. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109119. [百度学术]
Yang W, Lu J, Weng J, et al. Prevalence of diabetes among men and women in China. [J]. N Engl J Med, 2010. 362(12): p. 1090-101. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0908292. [百度学术]
Hou X, Lu J, Weng J, et al. Impact of waist circumference and body mass index on risk of cardiometabolic disorder and cardiovascular disease in Chinese adults: a national diabetes and metabolic disorders survey. [J]. PLoS One, 2013. 8(3): p. e57319. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057319. [百度学术]
Mingrone G, Panunzi S, de Gaetano A, et al. Bariatric-metabolic surgery versus conventional medical treatment in obese patients with type 2 diabetes: 5 year follow-up of an open-label, single-centre, randomised controlled trial[J]. Lancet, 2015, 386(9997):964-973. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00075-6. [百度学术]
Bazurro S, Ball L, Pelosi P. Perioperative management of obese patient[J]. Curr Opin Crit Care, 2018, 24(6):560-567. doi: 10.1097/MCC.0000000000000555. [百度学术]
Jong AD, Verzilli D, Chanques G, et al. Preoperative risk and perioperative management of obese patients[J]. Rev Mal Respir, 2019, 36(8):985-1001. doi: 10.1016/j.rmr.2019.01.009. [百度学术]
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 2. classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of medical care in diabetes-2022[J]. Diabetes Care, 2022, 45(Suppl 1):S17-38. doi: 10.2337/dc22-S002. [百度学术]
Steier J, Lunt A, Hart N, et al. Observational study of the effect of obesity on lung volumes[J]. Thorax, 2014, 69(8):752-759. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-205148. [百度学术]
Hodgson LE, Murphy PB, Hart N. Respiratory management of the obese patient undergoing surgery[J]. J Thorac Dis, 2015, 7(5):943-952. doi: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.03.08. [百度学术]
Sharma S, Arora L. Anesthesia for the Morbidly Obese Patient[J]. Anesthesiol Clin, 2020, 38(1):197-212. doi: 10.1016/j.anclin.2019.10.008. [百度学术]
Abbott TEF, Fowler AJ, Pelosi P, et al. A systematic review and consensus definitions for standardised end-points in perioperative medicine: pulmonary complications[J]. Br J Anaesth, 2018, 120(5):1066-1079. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2018.02.007. [百度学术]
Jammer I, Wickboldt N, Sander M, et al. Standards for definitions and use of outcome measures for clinical effectiveness research in perioperative medicine: European Perioperative Clinical Outcome (EPCO) definitions: a statement from the ESA-ESICM joint taskforce on perioperative outcome measures[J]. Eur J Anaesthesiol, 2015, 32(2):88-105. doi: 10.1097/EJA.0000000000000118. [百度学术]
Ortiz VE, Kwo J. Obesity: physiologic changes and implications for preoperative management[J]. BMC Anesthesiol, 2015, 15:97. doi: 10.1186/s12871-015-8. [百度学术]
Magnani JW, Hylek EM, Apovian CM. Obesity begets atrial fibrillation: a contemporary summary[J]. Circulation, 2013, 128(4):401-405. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.001840. [百度学术]
Yancey R. Anesthetic management of the hypertensive patient: part Ⅱ[J]. Anesth Prog, 2018, 65(3):206-213. doi: 10.2344/anpr-65-03. [百度学术]
Yancey R. Anesthetic management of the hypertensive patient: part Ⅱ[J]. Anesth Prog, 2018, 65(2):131-138. doi: 10.2344/anpr-65-02-12. [百度学术]
Aguilar-Gallardo JS, Romeo FJ, Bhatia K, et al. Severe obesity and heart failure[J]. Am J Cardiol, 2022, 177:53-60. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2022.04.048. [百度学术]
Alpert MA. Severe obesity and acute decompensated heart failure: new insights into prevalence and prognosis[J]. JACC Heart Fail, 2016, 4(12):932-934. doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2016.10.008. [百度学术]
Kivimäki M, Strandberg T, Pentti J, et al. Body-mass index and risk of obesity-related complex multimorbidity: an observational multicohort study[J]. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 2022, 10(4):253-263. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00033-X. [百度学术]
Soong TC, Lee MH, Lee WJ, et al. Long-term efficacy of bariatric surgery for the treatment of super-obesity: comparison of SG, RYGB, and OAGB[J]. Obes Surg, 2021, 31(8):3391-3399. doi: 10.1007/s11695-021-0. [百度学术]
Hong J, Park S, Menzo EL, et al. Midterm outcomes of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy as a stand-alone procedure in super-obese patients[J]. Surg Obes Relat Dis, 2018, 14(3):297-303. doi: 10.1016/j.soard.2017.11.021. [百度学术]
Fung HB, Chang JY, Kuczynskf S. A practical Guide to the treatment of complicated skin and soft tissue infections[J]. Drugs, 2003, 63(14):1459-1480. doi: 10.2165/00003495-200363140. [百度学术]
Faraz A, Ashraf H, Ahmad J. Clinical features, biochemical profile, and response to standard treatment in lean, normal-weight, and overweight/obese Indian type 2 diabetes patients[J]. Rev Diabet Stud, 2021, 17(2):68-74. doi: 10.1900/RDS.2021.17.68. [百度学术]
Karslioglu French E, Donihi AC, Korytkowski MT. Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome: review of acute decompensated diabetes in adult patients[J]. BMJ, 2019, 365:l1114. doi: 10.1136/bmj.l1114. [百度学术]
梁辉. 减重代谢手术围手术期管理的几个关键问题[J]. 中国实用外科杂志, 2019, 39(4):321-325. doi: 10.19538/j.cjps.issn1005-2208.2019.04.05. [百度学术]
Liang H. Key issues of perioperative management in bariatric and metabolic surgery[J]. Chinese Journal of Practical Surgery, 2019, 39(4):321-325. doi: 10.19538/j.cjps.issn1005-2208.2019.04.05. [百度学术]
刘烺飚, 张鹏. 超级肥胖症减重手术的围手术期管理[J]. 中华肥胖与代谢病电子杂志, 2019, 5(4):187-190. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-9605.2019.04.002. [百度学术]
Liu LB, Zhang P. Peri-operative management of the super obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery[J]. Chinese Journal of Obesity and Metabolic Disease: Electronic Edition, 2019, 5(4):187-190. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-9605.2019.04.002. [百度学术]
Kansagara D, Fu RW, Freeman M, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in hospitalized patients: a systematic review[J]. Ann Intern Med, 2011, 154(4):268-282. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819. [百度学术]
Umpierrez G, Cardona S, Pasquel F, et al. Randomized controlled trial of intensive versus conservative glucose control in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery: GLUCO-CABG trial[J]. Diabetes Care, 2015, 38(9):1665-1672. doi: 10.2337/dc15-0303. [百度学术]
Sathya B, Davis R, Taveira T, et al. Intensity of peri-operative glycemic control and postoperative outcomes in patients with diabetes: a meta-analysis[J]. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2013, 102(1):8-15. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2013.05.003. [百度学术]
孟瑶, 付明明, 赵雨琪, 等. 《2020年版围术期血糖管理专家共识》解读[J]. 河北医科大学学报, 2022, 43(1):1-6. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-3205.2022.01.001. [百度学术]
Meng Y, Fu MM, Zhao YQ, et al. Interpretation of expert consensus on perioperative blood glucose management (2020 edition)[J]. Journal of Hebei Medical University, 2022, 43(1):1-6. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-3205.2022.01.001. [百度学术]
中华医学会麻醉学分会. 围术期血糖管理专家共识(快捷版)[J]. 临床麻醉学杂志, 2016, 32(1):93-95. [百度学术]
Chinese Society of Anesthesiology. Expert consensus on perioperative blood glucose management (fast version)[J]. Journal of Clinical Anesthesiology, 2016, 32(1):93-95. [百度学术]
Sunena, Mishra DN. Stress etiology of type 2 diabetes[J]. Curr Diabetes Rev, 2022, 18(9):e240222201413. doi: 10.2174/1573399818666220224140934. [百度学术]
Lima JEBF, Moreira NCS, Sakamoto-Hojo ET. Mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes: from risk factors to oxidative stress, metabolic dysfunction, and hyperglycemia[J]. Mutat Res Toxicol Environ Mutagen, 2022, 874/875:503437. doi: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2021.503437. [百度学术]
Cheisson G, Jacqueminet S, Cosson E, et al. Perioperative management of adult diabetic patients. Review of hyperglycaemia: definitions and pathophysiology[J]. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med, 2018, 37(Suppl 1):S5-8. doi: 10.1016/j.accpm.2018.02.019. [百度学术]
Cheisson G, Jacqueminet S, Cosson E, et al. Perioperative management of adult diabetic patients. The role of the diabetologist[J]. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med, 2018, 37(Suppl 1):S37-38. doi: 10.1016/j.accpm.2017.10.009. [百度学术]
Cheisson G, Jacqueminet S, Cosson E, et al. Perioperative management of adult diabetic patients. Postoperative period[J]. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med, 2018, 37(Suppl 1):S27-30. doi: 10.1016/j.accpm.2018.02.023. [百度学术]
Cheisson G, Jacqueminet S, Cosson E, et al. Perioperative management of adult diabetic patients. Intraoperative period[J]. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med, 2018, 37(Suppl 1):S21-25. doi: 10.1016/j.accpm.2018.02.018. [百度学术]
Kaw R, Wong J, Mokhlesi B. Obesity and obesity hypoventilation, sleep hypoventilation, and postoperative respiratory failure[J]. Anesth Analg, 2021, 132(5):1265-1273. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000005352. [百度学术]
Mokhlesi B, Masa JF, Brozek JL, et al. Evaluation and management of obesity hypoventilation syndrome. an official American thoracic society clinical practice guideline[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2019, 200(3):e6-24. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201905-1071ST. [百度学术]
Masa JF, Pépin JL, Borel JC, et al. Obesity hypoventilation syndrome[J]. Eur Respir Rev, 2019, 28(151):180097. doi: 10.1183/16000617.0097-2018. [百度学术]
Koh HE, Cao C, Mittendorfer B. Insulin clearance in obesity and type 2 diabetes[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2022, 23(2):596. doi: 10.3390/ijms23020596. [百度学术]
Hariharan R, Odjidja EN, Scott D, et al. The dietary inflammatory index, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular risk factors and diseases[J]. Obes Rev, 2022, 23(1):e13349. doi: 10.1111/obr.13349. [百度学术]
Lingvay I, Sumithran P, Cohen RV, et al. Obesity management as a primary treatment goal for type 2 diabetes: time to reframe the conversation[J]. Lancet, 2022, 399(10322):394-405. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01919-X. [百度学术]
Abdelbaki TN, El-Sayes I, Talha A, et al. Weight loss and diabetes control following laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy[J]. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A, 2020, 30(4):383-388. doi: 10.1089/lap.2019.0680. [百度学术]
Andalib A, Aminian A. Sleeve gastrectomy and diabetes: is cure possible? [J]. Adv Surg, 2017, 51(1):29-40. doi: 10.1016/j.yasu.2017.03.003. [百度学术]
Fuchs T, Loureiro M, Both GH, et al. The role of the sleeve gastrectomy and the management of type 2 diabetes[J]. Arq Bras Cir Dig, 2017, 30(4):283-286. doi: 10.1590/0102-6720201700040013. [百度学术]