摘要
肝内胆管细胞癌(ICC)是一种高度侵袭性的原发性肝脏恶性肿瘤,其发病隐匿、早期症状不典型、预后差。外科根治性手术切除是治疗ICC的唯一有效手段。淋巴结转移(LNM)作为影响ICC患者手术预后最重要的危险因素之一,已有多数指南建议在ICC根治性切除术中常规行淋巴结清扫(LND)。然而,关于ICC根治性切除术中LND的范围及其对患者预后的价值,目前仍存在较大争议。故笔者结合国内外现有的研究,对ICC根治性切除术中LND所存在的争议及问题的研究进展进行综述,以期为ICC的临床治疗提供参考。
China Journal of General Surgery, 2023, 32(2):261-268.
肝内胆管细胞癌(intrahepatic cholangiocar-cinoma,ICC)是起源于肝内二级以上分支胆管的胆道系统恶性肿瘤,约占所有肝脏肿瘤的10%~20%,也是仅次于肝细胞癌的第二大原发性肝恶性肿瘤,近年来发病率和病死率呈上升趋
美国癌症分期联合委员会(AJCC)第八
在判断患者预后方面,Zhang
ICC的淋巴结状态在指导患者术后辅助治疗也有重要作用。Wang
ICC常伴有区域LNM,日本肝癌研究组(Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan,LCSGJ)根据肝脏淋巴结引流情况及肿瘤原发部位将ICC的区域淋巴结分为三站:原发于左半肝的ICC,第一站淋巴结为12组、1组和3组;第二站为7组、8组、9组和13组;第三站为14组和16组。而原发于右半肝的ICC,第一站淋巴结为12组;第二站为7组、8组、9组和13组;第三站为1组、3组、14组和16
2014年欧洲肝病学会(European Association for the Study of Liver,EASL)指
此外,有研
LND的相关并发症包括腹腔内出血、胆汁漏、腹腔感染、消化道出血、肝肾功能不全
外科根治性手术切除是治疗ICC的唯一有效方法,但ICC恶性程度高,术后早期极易发生复发和转移,复发率高达50%~70%,其复发最常见的方式包括淋巴结、手术切缘、肝内或肝外远处的复发和转
部分学
虽然多数指南均推荐将LND作为ICC根治性手术的常规手术流程,但不同的临床研究结果表明,LND能否改善生存率受到LNM实际状态、肿瘤分期及其他基础疾病的影响,仍存在较大差异。
对于术前检查和术中探查怀疑有LNM的患者,多数学者认为LNM表明疾病已经进展到晚期阶段,故不建议LNM患者行LND。Kizy
关于不同分期ICC患者接受LND能否产生不同的临床获益,目前文献中报道较少。郭俊武
此外,对于ICC患者术前合并其他基础疾病的患者,Xiao
综上所述,ICC患者根治性切除术中常规行LND对于获取肿瘤分期、判断患者预后及指导辅助治疗意义明确,但其能否使患者临床获益仍存在一定争议。近年来,越来越多的指南中对LND进行推荐,ICC根治性切除术中行LND的比例也不断升高,但在具体实施LND时,仍需结合考虑患者LNM实际状态、基础疾病及本临床中心实施LND的手术经验等,合理选择需联合LND的患者以及制定个体化的LND方案,避免盲目行LND尤其是扩大的LND,从而使不同患者临床获益。
作者贡献声明
赵泽坤负责检索文献及文稿撰写;王建雄、周志明和马尚贤负责查阅文献;魏丰贤和徐小东负责修改文稿。
利益冲突
所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
参考文献
Sarcognato S, Sacchi D, Fassan M, et al. Cholangiocarcinoma[J]. Pathologica, 2021, 113(3):158-169. doi: 10.32074/1591-951X-252. [百度学术]
Xing H, Tan B, Yang C, et al. Incidence Trend and Competing Risk Analysis of Patients With Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: A Population-Based Study[J]. Front Med (Lausanne), 2022, 9:846276. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.846276. [百度学术]
Mazzaferro V, Gorgen A, Roayaie S, et al. Liver resection and transplantation for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma[J]. J Hepatol, 2020, 72(2):364-377. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.11.020. [百度学术]
Liao P, Cao L, Chen H, et al. Analysis of metastasis and survival between extrahepatic and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a large population-based study[J]. Medicine (Baltimore), 2021, 100(16):e25635. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000025635. [百度学术]
Machairas N, Lang H, Jayant K, et al. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: limitations for resectability, current surgical concepts and future perspectives[J]. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2020, 46(5):740-746. doi: 10.1016/j.ejso.2020.01.028. [百度学术]
Chen XY, Rong DW, Zhang L, et al. Evaluation of nodal status in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a population-based study[J]. Ann Transl Med, 2021, 9(17):1359. doi: 10.21037/atm-21-2785. [百度学术]
Bridgewater J, Galle PR, Khan SA, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma[J]. J Hepatol, 2014, 60(6):1268-1289. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.01.021. [百度学术]
Weber SM, Ribero D, O'Reilly EM, et al. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: expert consensus statement[J]. HPB (Oxford), 2015, 17(8):669-680. doi: 10.1111/hpb.12441. [百度学术]
Benson AB, D'Angelica MI, Abbott DE, et al. Guidelines insights: hepatobiliary cancers, version 2.2019[J]. J Natl Compr Canc Netw, 2019, 17(4):302-310. doi: 10.6004/jnccn.2019.0019. [百度学术]
胆道肿瘤专家委员会. CSCO胆道系统肿瘤诊断治疗专家共识(2019年版)[J]. 临床肿瘤学杂志, 2019, 24(9):828-838. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-0460.2019.09.014. [百度学术]
CSCO Committee of Experts on Biliary Tumors. Expert Consensus on Diagnosis and Treatment of Biliary System Tumors (2019 Edition)[J]. Chinese Clinical Oncology, 2019, 24(9):828-838. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-0460.2019.09.014. [百度学术]
科技部传染病防治重大专项课题“病毒性肝炎相关肝癌外科综合治疗的个体化和新策略研究”专家组. 肝内胆管癌外科治疗中国专家共识(2020版)[J]. 中华消化外科杂志, 2021, 20(1):1-15. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115610-20201211-00777. [百度学术]
Expert Group of the Ministry of Science and Technology on the Major Special Topic of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control "Individualized and New Strategies for the Comprehensive Surgical Treatment of Viral Hepatitis Related Liver Cancer". Chinese expert consensus on the surgical management of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (2020 edition)[J]. Chinese Journal of Digestive Surgery, 2021, 20(1):1-15. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115610-20201211-00777. [百度学术]
Lee AJ, Chun YS. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: the AJCC/UICC 8th edition updates[J]. Chin Clin Oncol, 2018, 7(5):52. doi: 10.21037/cco.2018.07.03. [百度学术]
Malikowski T, Levy MJ, Gleeson FC, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound/fine needle aspiration is effective for lymph node staging in patients with cholangiocarcinoma[J]. Hepatology, 2020, 72(3):940-948. doi: 10.1002/hep.31077. [百度学术]
Morine Y, Shimada M. The value of systematic lymph node dissection for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma from the viewpoint of liver lymphatics[J]. J Gastroenterol, 2015, 50(9):913-927. doi: 10.1007/s00535-015-1071-2. [百度学术]
Jiang L, Tan H, Panje CM, et al. Role of 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma[J]. Clin Nucl Med, 2016, 41(1):1-7. doi: 10.1097/rlu.0000000000000998. [百度学术]
Hu JH, Tang JH, Lin CH, et al. Preoperative staging of cholangiocarcinoma and biliary carcinoma using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography: a meta-analysis[J]. J Investig Med, 2018, 66(1):52-61. doi: 10.1136/jim-2017-000472. [百度学术]
Sposito C, Droz Dit Busset M, Virdis M, et al. The role of lymphadenectomy in the surgical treatment of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a review[J]. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2022, 48(1):150-159. doi: 10.1016/j.ejso.2021.08.009. [百度学术]
魏妙艳, 张园园, 耿智敏, 等. 肝内胆管癌临床病理特征及淋巴结转移特点的多中心回顾性研究(附1321例报告)[J]. 中华消化外科杂志, 2018, 17(3):257-265. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-9752.2018.03.009. [百度学术]
Wei MY, Zhang YY, Geng ZM, et al. Clinicopathological features and lymph node metastases characteristics of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a multicenter retrospective study (a report of 1321 cases)[J]. Chinese Journal of Digestive Surgery, 2018, 17(3):257-265. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-9752.2018.03.009. [百度学术]
Yamada T, Nakanishi Y, Okamura K, et al. Impact of serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 level on prognosis and prediction of lymph node metastasis in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma[J]. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2018, 33(9):1626-1633. doi: 10.1111/jgh.14124. [百度学术]
王祥, 李起, 张瑞, 等. 术前炎性指标联合肿瘤标志物对肝内胆管癌淋巴结转移的预测价值[J]. 西部医学, 2022, 34(9):1312-1317. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-3511.2022.09.012. [百度学术]
Wang X, Li Q, Zhang R, et al. Preoperative inflammatory indicators combined with tumor biomarkers for predicting the lymph node metastasis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma[J]. Medical Journal of West China, 2022, 34(9):1312-1317. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-3511.2022.09.012. [百度学术]
Chen QC, Zheng YL, Zhao H, et al. The combination of preoperative D-dimer and CA19-9 predicts lymph node metastasis and survival in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma patients after curative resection[J]. Ann Transl Med, 2020, 8(5):192. doi: 10.21037/atm.2020.01.72. [百度学术]
Lendoire JC, Gil L, Imventarza O. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma surgery: the impact of lymphadenectomy[J]. Chin Clin Oncol, 2018, 7(5):53. doi: 10.21037/cco.2018.07.02. [百度学术]
Zhang XF, Chakedis J, Bagante F, et al. Trends in use of lymphadenectomy in surgery with curative intent for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma[J]. Br J Surg, 2018, 105(7):857-866. doi: 10.1002/bjs.10827. [百度学术]
Wang L, Lin ZG, Ke Q, et al. Adjuvant transarterial chemoembolization following radical resection for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a multi-center retrospective study[J]. J Cancer, 2020, 11(14):4115-4122. doi: 10.7150/jca.40358. [百度学术]
Wang L, Deng MJ, Ke Q, et al. Postoperative adjuvant therapy following radical resection for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a multicenter retrospective study[J]. Cancer Med, 2020, 9(8):2674-2685. doi: 10.1002/cam4.2925. [百度学术]
Altman AM, Kizy S, Marmor S, et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: approaching clinical practice consensus?[J]. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr, 2020, 9(5):577-586. doi: 10.21037/hbsn.2019.06.12. [百度学术]
Ke Q, Lin NP, Deng MJ, et al. The effect of adjuvant therapy for patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma after surgical resection: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. PLoS One, 2020, 15(2):e0229292. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229292. [百度学术]
陆巍, 汤朝晖, 全志伟. 肝内胆管癌淋巴结清扫相关问题的探讨[J]. 中华外科杂志, 2019, 57(4):247-252. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0529-5815.2019.04.002. [百度学术]
Lu W, Tang ZH, Quan ZW. Viewpoint of systematic lymphadenectomy for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma patients[J]. Chinese Journal of Surgery, 2019, 57(4):247-252. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0529-5815.2019.04.002. [百度学术]
Shimada M, Yamashita Y, Aishima S, et al. Value of lymph node dissection during resection of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma[J]. Br J Surg, 2001, 88(11):1463-1466. doi: 10.1046/j.0007-1323.2001.01879.x. [百度学术]
Nozaki Y, Yamamoto M, Ikai I, et al. Reconsideration of the lymph node metastasis pattern (N factor) from intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma using the International Union Against Cancer TNM staging system for primary liver carcinoma[J]. Cancer, 1998, 83(9):1923-1929. DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19981101)83:9<1923::aid-cncr7>3.0.co;2-# [百度学术]
Kim SH, Han DH, Choi GH, et al. Extent of lymph node dissection for accurate staging in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma[J]. J Gastrointest Surg, 2022, 26(1):70-76. doi: 10.1007/s11605-021-05039-5. [百度学术]
周伟平, 蒋贝格. 肝内胆管癌淋巴结转移规律、术中清扫范围及意义[J]. 中国实用外科杂志, 2020, 40(6): 669-673. doi: 10.19538/j.cjps.issn1005-2208.2020.06.10. [百度学术]
Zhou WP, Jiang BG. Characteristics of lymph node metastasis and prognostic significance of lymphadenectomy in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma[J]. Chinese Journal of Practical Surgery, 2020, 40(6):669-673. doi: 10.19538/j.cjps.issn1005-2208.2020.06.10. [百度学术]
叶静元, 牛珺玮, 成名翔, 等. 基于T分期探讨肝内胆管癌淋巴结清扫数目[J]. 现代医药卫生, 2022, 38(12):2005-2009, 2014. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-5519.2022.12.006. [百度学术]
Ye JY, Niu JW, Cheng MX, et al. Exploring the number of lymph node dissections for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma based on T stage[J]. Journal of Modern Medicine, 2022, 38(12):2005-2009. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-5519.2022.12.006. [百度学术]
Sahara K, Tsilimigras DI, Merath K, et al. Therapeutic index associated with lymphadenectomy among patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: which patients benefit the most from nodal evaluation?[J]. Ann Surg Oncol, 2019, 26(9):2959-2968. doi: 10.1245/s10434-019-07483-9. [百度学术]
Kang CM, Suh KS, Yi NJ, et al. Should lymph nodes be retrieved in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma? A collaborative Korea-Japan study[J]. Cancers (Basel), 2021, 13(3):445. doi: 10.3390/cancers13030445. [百度学术]
Choi SB, Kim KS, Choi JY, et al. The prognosis and survival outcome of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma following surgical resection: association of lymph node metastasis and lymph node dissection with survival[J]. Ann Surg Oncol, 2009, 16(11):3048-3056. doi: 10.1245/s10434-009-0631-1. [百度学术]
Ma WJ, Wu ZR, Hu HJ, et al. Extended lymphadenectomy versus regional lymphadenectomy in resectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma[J]. J Gastrointest Surg, 2020, 24(7):1619-1629. doi: 10.1007/s11605-019-04244-7. [百度学术]
王垒, 林自国, 杨田, 等. 淋巴结清扫在肝内胆管癌根治术中临床价值的多中心回顾性研究[J]. 中华消化外科杂志, 2020, 19(1):72-80. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-9752.2020.01.012. [百度学术]
Wang L, Lin ZG, Yang T, et al. A multicenter retrospective study on clinical value of lymph node dissection in the radical resection of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma[J]. Chinese Journal of Digestive Surgery, 2020, 19(1):72-80. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-9752.2020.01.012. [百度学术]
Miyata T, Yamashita YI, Yamao T, et al. Prognostic impacts of postoperative complications in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma after curative operations[J]. Int J Clin Oncol, 2017, 22(3):526-532. doi: 10.1007/s10147-017-1099-9. [百度学术]
Bagante F, Spolverato G, Weiss M, et al. Surgical management of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: impact of lymphadenectomy on peri-operative outcomes[J]. World J Surg, 2018, 42(8):2551-2560. doi: 10.1007/s00268-017-4453-1. [百度学术]
Yuan ZB, Fang HB, Feng QK, et al. Prognostic factors of recurrent intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma after hepatectomy: a retrospective study[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2022, 28(15):1574-1587. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i15.1574. [百度学术]
Chan KM, Tsai CY, Yeh CN, et al. Characterization of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma after curative resection: outcome, prognostic factor, and recurrence[J]. BMC Gastroenterol, 2018, 18(1):180. doi: 10.1186/s12876-018-0912-x. [百度学术]
陈亚进, 周睿. 可根治性切除肝内胆管细胞癌肝周围淋巴结清扫的探讨[J]. 中华消化外科杂志, 2019, 18(1):48-52. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-9752.2019.01.011. [百度学术]
Chen YJ, Zhou R. Perihepatic lymph node dissection of resectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma[J]. Chinese Journal of Digestive Surgery, 2019, 18(1):48-52. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-9752.2019.01.011. [百度学术]
Squires MH, Cloyd JM, Dillhoff M, et al. Challenges of surgical management of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma[J]. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2018, 12(7):671-681. doi: 10.1080/17474124.2018.1489229. [百度学术]
Kim DH, Choi DW, Choi SH, et al. Is there a role for systematic hepatic pedicle lymphadenectomy in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma? A review of 17 years of experience in a tertiary institution[J]. Surgery, 2015, 157(4):666-675. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2014.11.006. [百度学术]
Hu LS, Zhang XF, Weiss M, et al. Recurrence patterns and timing courses following curative-intent resection for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma[J]. Ann Surg Oncol, 2019, 26(8):2549-2557. doi: 10.1245/s10434-019-07353-4. [百度学术]
Kizy S, Altman AM, Marmor S, et al. Surgical resection of lymph node positive intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma may not improve survival[J]. HPB, 2019, 21(2):235-241. doi: 10.1016/j.hpb.2018.08.006. [百度学术]
林志文, 刘红枝, 曾永毅. 肝内胆管癌淋巴结清扫的热点与争议[J]. 岭南现代临床外科, 2021, 21(4):377-382. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009. [百度学术]
Lin ZW, Liu HZ, Zeng YY. The controversies and hotspots of lymph node dissection for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma[J]. Lingnan Modern Clinics in Surgery, 2021, 21(4):377-382. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009. [百度学术]
Yoh T, Cauchy F, Le Roy B, et al. Prognostic value of lymphadenectomy for long-term outcomes in node-negative intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a multicenter study[J]. Surgery, 2019, 166(6):975-982. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2019.06.025. [百度学术]
Hu J, Chen FY, Zhou KQ, et al. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma patients without indications of lymph node metastasis not benefit from lymph node dissection[J]. Oncotarget, 2017, 8(69):113817-113827. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.22852. [百度学术]
Kim SH, Han DH, Choi GH, et al. Oncologic impact of lymph node dissection for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a propensity score-matched study[J]. J Gastrointest Surg, 2019, 23(3):538-544. doi: 10.1007/s11605-018-3899-2. [百度学术]
Zhou R, Lu DH, Li WD, et al. Is lymph node dissection necessary for resectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma? A systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. HPB (Oxford), 2019, 21(7):784-792. doi: 10.1016/j.hpb.2018.12.011. [百度学术]
Li FY, Jiang Y, Jiang LY, et al. Effect of lymph node resection on prognosis of resectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Front Oncol, 2022, 12:957792. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.957792. [百度学术]
郭俊武, 戴炳华, 方鲲鹏, 等. 肝内胆管细胞癌淋巴结清扫的临床价值[J]. 中华肝胆外科杂志, 2022, 28(3):202-205. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn113884-20210628-00209. [百度学术]
Guo JW, Dai BH, Fang KP, et al. Clinical value of lymph node dissection for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma[J]. Chinese Journal of Hepatobiliary Surgery, 2022, 28(3):202-205. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn113884-20210628-00209. [百度学术]
Xiao J, Zhu JS, Liu ZY, et al. Role of surgical treatment for hepatolithiasis-associated intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a retrospective study in a single institution[J]. J Cancer Res Ther, 2017, 13(5):756-760. doi: 10.4103/jcrt.JCRT_356_17. [百度学术]
Wu ZF, Wu XY, Zhu N, et al. Prognosis after resection for hepatitis B virus-associated intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2015, 21(3):935-943. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i3.935. [百度学术]