摘要
目前,人表皮生长因子2(HER-2)阳性乳腺癌因其独特的靶点以及其治疗药物已经成为研究乳腺癌治疗的重点和热点。针对已经发病的乳腺癌,早期治疗方面显得尤为重要,乳腺癌的治疗主要分为两大类:一类是局部治疗,包括早期的保乳手术、前哨淋巴结、区域淋巴结的放疗,第二类则为全身治疗,包括新辅助治疗和辅助治疗在内,虽然目前乳腺癌的主要治疗是手术治疗,但是有些患者在手术治疗前需要进行新辅助治疗,新辅助治疗的人群大都是乳腺癌Ⅲ期或者部分ⅡA、ⅡB期患者,这就突出了新辅助治疗的重要性,针对上述两点,HER-2阳性乳腺癌的新辅助治疗需要重点关注,现如今其中的4个热点问题仍需进一步探索:⑴ 乳腺癌在蒽环类药物的治疗,因其在乳腺癌新辅助治疗的基石地位和其对患者心脏毒性的副作用,不免使得研究者们引起争议,对于有基础疾病,尤其是心脏方面的患者,是否会加重病情,影响手术标准;⑵ 新辅助靶向治疗周期的选择,治疗周期的选择也同样重要,治疗时间短达不到患者手术的标准,但是治疗时间长容易使患者错过最佳手术时机,耽误患者病情,并且治疗时间延长,患者是否可以耐受,以及患者的心态问题,都影响手术的成功;⑶ 以曲妥珠单抗为基础的最佳配偶靶向药物的选择,单靶治疗在HER-2阳性乳腺癌研究的初期被专家们极力推荐,但随着更多药物在中国获批,双靶药物治疗HER-2阳性乳腺癌成为热点中的热点;⑷ HER-2阳性乳腺癌新辅助治疗后双靶治疗的选择,新辅助治疗后如何选择双靶治疗,需要根据新辅助治疗时患者对于药物的敏感性以及是否达到患者所需要的病理学完全缓解(pCR)率,下面就这4个热点问题分别进行展开讨论,以为临床工作提供新的思路。
乳腺癌已超过肺癌成为女性发病率最高恶性肿
蒽环类药物在1975年首次被报道用于乳腺癌的治疗后,其有效性得到大量随机对照研究的证实,具有抗瘤谱广、抗瘤作用强、疗效确切等优点,逐渐成为乳腺癌治疗的基石药
NOAH研
心脏毒性是曲妥珠单抗和蒽环类药物的主要的不良反应之一,如多柔比星推荐累积剂量高限为400~550 mg/
HER-2阳性乳腺癌新辅助治疗的蒽环类药物有表柔比星、脂质体多柔比星
Ⅱ期临床研究BERENICE研究对比分析剂量密集型多柔比星、环磷酰胺(iddEC)序贯紫杉醇联合HP和氟尿嘧啶、表柔比星联合环磷酰胺(FEC)序贯多西他赛联合HP在HER-2阳性乳腺癌新辅助治疗效果,结果发现iddEC组患者pCR率(61.8%)和FEC组相似(60.7%
在HP双靶双重HER-2阻断下,KRISTINE研
治疗周期也是HER-2阳性乳腺癌新辅助治疗前的重要考量因素。NeoSphere研究与PEONY、PHEDRA方案治
紫杉醇类药物作为HER-2阳性乳腺癌新辅助化疗药物的常选用药,种类主要有:紫杉
首次证实在化疗基础上增加靶向治疗进行新辅助治疗的NOAH研
曲妥珠单抗和帕妥珠单抗与HER-2的不同区域相结合,同时抑制同源二聚体及异源二聚体的形成,具有互补作用。针对HP双靶在HER-2阳性乳腺癌新辅助治疗的研究开展甚多,HP双靶新辅助治疗的pCR率在39%~80%之间。首先,应用THP→FEC方案进行HER-2阳性乳腺癌新辅助治疗的NeoSphere研究表明,与化疗基础上增加单靶的H组(29%)相比,化疗基础上增加联合HP双靶的患者的pCR率显著提高至45.8
TKI为小分子化合物,可与位于细胞内的催化结构域结合,通过竞争阻断HER-2信号进而阻止磷酸化及下游分子通路而发挥抗肿瘤的作用,被认为在克服耐药上存在一定的优势,可联合大分子曲妥珠单抗,通过里应外合、胞外胞内协同起到抗HER-2治疗的作
抗体偶联药物(antibody-drug conjugate,ADC)类药物。是指将有生物活性的小分子药物通过连接子连接单克隆抗体,由抗体、连接子和小分子细胞毒性药物组成,兼具高度靶向性和高细胞毒性优势,既能靶向HER-2靶点,又能进行化疗杀伤,在乳腺癌新辅助治疗中具有重要作用。目前用于HER-2阳性乳腺癌新辅助治疗的ADC类药物主要有:T-DM1和T-DXd。临床试验PREDIX HER-2研
研究 | pCR率(%) | 抗HER-2方案 |
---|---|---|
NOA | 65 | HP |
PEON | 42 | HP |
NeoSpher | 45.8 | HP |
TRAIN- | 67 | HP |
BERENIC | 61.8 | HP |
TRYPHAEN | 50 | HP |
GeparOct | 48.3 | HP |
neoCAR | 55.9 | HP |
NEONA | 80 | H |
Brecan Tria | 80.2 | HP |
CHER-LO | 46.7 | HL |
NeoALTT | 46.8 | HL |
PHEDR | 73.7 | 吡咯替尼+H |
Gepar | 44.9 | ABP980+P |
NSABP FB- | 50 | 奈拉替尼+H |
KRISTIN | 44 | HP+TDM-1 |
HER-2阳性乳腺癌新辅助治疗的重要目的之一是体内药敏试验,更好地指导术后治疗方案的选择。新辅助治疗后达到pCR者EFS和总生存率明显改善,新辅助治疗后pCR也被认为是长期获益的替代指
随着HER-2阳性乳腺癌的新辅助治疗的方案多样化,以及更多药物在中国获批上市,越来越多的临床研究在不断开展,未来对于乳腺癌在中国的治疗会不断更新,这就为患者的治疗积累丰富的经验,但是由于刚刚上市的药物很多不在医保范围内,且价格昂贵,对于患者来说,可选择性有限,所以也为临床研究增加了难度。针对HER-2阳性乳腺癌新辅助治疗的热点问题,并不能完全持否定或肯定态度,但是对于最新文献的探究可以得出以下结论:⑴ 蒽环类药物作为乳腺癌治疗的基石还是可以使用的,并且在临床上许多化疗方案都含有。⑵ 新辅助治疗周期选择上,大部分是4~6个周期,但是本综述认为,针对ⅡA期患者可以适当延长至8个周期。⑶ 紫杉醇类的选择上,可根据患者的经济条件来进行选择,各种类价格差别还是较大的,但是治疗效果上,总体来看Nab-P联合靶向治疗效果还是最好。⑷ 双靶联合上,HP双靶连用还是最为权威。针对未来的关注热点,可以重点研究新型靶向药物的临床治疗,以重点增加患者的pCR为目的,造福更多HER-2阳性乳腺癌患者。
作者贡献声明
程瑞负责文稿写作;纪文鑫、李尚朋、高红杰负责收集复习文献;代引海和周灿负责指导写作。
利益冲突
所有均声明不存在利益冲突。
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