摘要
非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)是目前最常见的慢性肝病,可进展为肝硬化及肝癌,是世界范围内的一个严重健康问题。NAFLD与代谢因素联系紧密,是代谢综合征的一个主要肝脏表现,常合并有肥胖、糖尿病、心血管疾病和其他代谢紊乱等疾病。为了更准确地反映其发病机制,2020年国际肝脏专家小组将NAFLD更名为代谢相关脂肪性肝病(MAFLD)。迄今为止,其病理生理学机制尚无明确理论可以阐明,其典型特征是肝细胞的过度脂质蓄积。随着肝细胞的损伤和纤维化的产生,NAFLD将逐渐发展为终末期肝病。早期NAFLD的治疗主要提倡饮食和生活方式的改变。NAFLD药物治疗主要以发病关键环节及相关代谢紊乱为靶点,但仍然缺乏特效药。肥胖相关的NAFLD以及NAFLD相关的终末期肝病患病率逐年递增。这些患者对饮食变化和运动无反应,或无法通过改变生活方式减重,从而导致疾病的恶化,因此手术治疗成为此类患者的新选择。减重手术可以改善肝脏组织学、降低转氨酶水平及心血管疾病的发病率等。常见的手术方式包括胃袖状切除术(SG)、可调节胃束带术(ABG)以及Roux-en-Y胃旁路术(RYGB),其中SG是NAFLD相关肝硬化患者最常用的术式。但减重手术也存在一定的局限性,包括患者耐受程度、术者的技术水平以及围术期并发症的发生等,需要慎重考虑,其临床疗效和安全性还需要进一步研究,以使其适用于NAFLD患者。肝脏移植术是NAFLD相关终末期肝病患者唯一可能的治愈手段。近年来,随着移植技术和免疫抑制剂的成熟发展,肝移植术在终末期肝病的治疗中取得较为可观的成绩,但在NAFLD患者的治疗中仍存在诸多问题。边缘供肝的使用、等肝期的延长、移植术前评估与管理以及移植术后复发均影响着移植物存活率及患者生存率。本文主要综述了NAFLD的概况、一般治疗及手术治疗进展,以期为临床工作提供参考。
关键词
非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)是目前全球最常见的肝脏疾病之一,其患病率在全球范围内持续增
美国肝病研究协会实践指
NAFLD是代谢综合征的一个主要肝脏表现,其典型特征是肝细胞脂质过度蓄积和肝细胞脂肪变性,常合并有肥胖、2型糖尿病、心血管疾病、肾功能不全、阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征等疾
目前提倡NAFLD患者改变饮食和生活方式,采取低碳水化合物、低脂肪和地中海式饮食方式,加强运动训练。NAFLD患者倾向于摄入富含糖和高脂的高能量食物,并且缺乏锻
降糖调脂药物、改善肠道菌群、胆汁酸合成调节药物、抗氧化药物、抗纤维化药物、中药等已用于NAFLD的治疗研
仅当NAFLD患者因一般治疗无效,且合并肥胖相关并发症时,才考虑行减重手
目前常见的减重手术方式包括胃袖状切除术(sleeve gastrectomy,SG)、可调节胃束带术(adjustable gastric banding,AGB)以及Roux-en-Y胃旁路术(Roux-en-Y gastric bypass,RYGB)。SG以减少胃容积为主,不改变原有的胃肠道连接关系。该术式的手术时间短,创伤小,术后恢复相对较快。术后较少出现出血、感染、吻合口瘘、营养不良等并发症。但部分接受SG的患者会出现反弹现象,目前更多是应用于NAFLD相关肝硬化的肥胖患者。AGB则是使用可调节的束带捆扎于胃部,从而减少食物的摄入。在短期内是一种安全和有效的减重术式,但从长远来看,需患者长期控制饮食,并可能出现胃束带的侵蚀、体质量反弹、再次手术等并发症,一般不推荐施
Froylich
既往已有关于NAFLD减重手术的大型前瞻性或回顾性研究评估手术的获益情况。在一项包括293例患者的前瞻性研
然而,减重手术也存在一定的局限性,包括患者耐受程度、术者技术、围术期并发症(例如,出血、感染、麻醉不良反应、血栓形成、胃肠道瘘、肠梗阻、倾倒综合征、恶心、呕吐、腹泻、疝、营养不良、反酸,甚至死亡等)等因
NAFLD发展至终末期肝病(肝硬化失代偿、肝功能衰竭、肝恶性肿瘤)时,需考虑行肝移植术。NASH是目前大多数高收入国家肝移植的前三大适应证之一,其发展速度最快,预计将成为最常见的适应
接受肝移植的NASH相关肝硬化患者同时面临供肝质量与漫长等肝期的挑战。首先,NAFLD患病率的增加导致潜在供体中脂肪肝数量明显增加,从而减少了可移植供体肝脏的数量。事实上,脂肪变性程度大于60%的供体肝脏被认为是不可移植的;而脂肪变性程度小于30%的供肝则被认为可用;脂肪变性程度在30%~60%的肝脏可用于特定患者,但其往往与较差的术后结果相
考虑到NAFLD是代谢综合征的肝脏表现,NASH相关肝硬化患者通常有许多合并症,如肥胖、心血管疾病、2型糖尿病和慢性肾脏疾病。在移植术前评估时,应仔细严格评估NASH相关肝硬化患者的临床指标,以识别心脑血管疾病情况和其他合并症
Saeed
NAFLD是目前全球最常见的慢性肝脏疾病,严重威胁人类健康,已成为全球肝病和代谢领域的新挑战和主要公共卫生问题。NAFLD肝内脂质堆积、炎症、凋亡、自噬、遗传异质性等因素导致肝细胞的损伤和纤维化的产生,进而演变为终末期肝病。肥胖相关的NAFLD以及NAFLD相关的终末期肝病患病率逐年递增,并且前期的生活饮食干预、药物治疗效果欠佳,因此手术治疗成为此类患者的新选择。减重手术是治疗NAFLD合并病理性肥胖患者的安全有效方法。患者在接受减重手术后,肝功能、脂肪含量及肝组织学均有持续明显的改善。但目前缺乏减重手术与其他干预措施的随机对照试验,加之内镜减重治疗方案的开展,减重手术的疗效验证需开展多中心的长期随访研究。肝移植术是治疗NAFLD相关的终末期肝病患者最有效手段,随着移植技术的成熟,移植治疗结局较为可观。移植存活率受限因素主要存在于边缘供肝使用、等肝期的延长、围术期合并症的评估管理以及免疫抑制方案的选择等方面。因此,开展多学科协作,重视加强移植术前及术后的管理,以改善患者的长期生存率。NAFLD患者的手术治疗仍有许多亟待解决的问题,需深入开展研究,实现患者生存期的延长及生活质量的提高。
作者贡献声明
罗小华负责文稿写作和收集复习文献;李杰群负责选题;司中洲负责指导写作。
利益冲突
所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
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