摘要
随着近年来组学技术的蓬勃发展,基因组、转录组、代谢组、蛋白修饰组、单细胞转录组、空间转录组等技术的广泛应用深化了对于三阴性乳腺癌(TNBC)多维度异质性的解析,而基础研究的深入探索使得靶向其中一些关键信号通路以实施精准治疗成为可能。近期临床研究发现富有前景的治疗新手段,针对肿瘤内在靶点以及微环境特点为早、晚期TNBC患者提供治疗机会。基于TNBC的内在特点以及治疗现状,本文笔者从TNBC内部异质性和治疗方式两方面进行探讨其精准治疗进展。
世界卫生组织国际癌症研究机构的数
目前化疗仍然是TNBC主要的系统治疗手段,前期其治疗方式的进步大部分也是通过优化化疗药物选择、次序及剂量来实现
精准治疗是指基于可靠的生物标志物,预测靶向治疗对特定患者群体的疗效,从而给予针对性手段的肿瘤治疗策略。由于对TNBC的生物学本质认识不足,其精准治疗策略的开发落后于其他乳腺癌亚
当前,TNBC的异质性受到了广泛的认
基于表达谱数据的TNBC分型是最早开展也是应用最成熟的精准分型策略。Lehmann团
2019年复旦大学附属肿瘤医院乳腺外科团
基于FUSCC四分型的“分型而治”策略在FUTURE伞形临床试
TNBC的异质性同样体现在肿瘤微环境(tumor microenvironment,TME)的差异
近年来,单细胞转录组测序让人们更深入地了解免疫细胞的复杂生物学。Wu
这些发现强调了微环境异质性分析所揭示的微环境细胞相互作用对于设计精准治疗策略的重要性。对微环境特征的深入研究或能发掘靶向微环境细胞的精准治疗策略、克服现有治疗耐药性。
代谢重编程是癌症的重要标志之
TNBC中的代谢重编程值得进一步探索。此前的研究利用代谢基因的转录组数据来研究TNBC的代谢特征,根据对脂质代谢和糖酵解的依赖性将其分为3种基于代谢基因的亚
目前,尽管发现了许多可靶向的肿瘤相关代谢分子,但针对癌症治疗的代谢的临床试验有时证明疗效并不令人满
TNBC中部分患者存在BRCA1/2基因突变,使得肿瘤细胞同源重组修复受
OlympiAD临床试验比较了接受olaparib单药治疗或标准治疗HER-2阴性转移性乳腺癌患者疗
针对PARP抑制剂人群精准度不足以及耐药现象,相关研
PI3K通路是调控肿瘤生物学行为的重要分子通
一项针对HER-2阴性晚期乳腺癌患者(包含30% TNBC)的临床试
当前靶向PI3K通路治疗包含了该通路中具有不同功能效应的多个分子的不同突变情况,但在基础研究层面仍然缺乏对整体分子通路以及不同可靶向分子的不同突变对肿瘤特性的区别影响的认
雄激素受体(androgen receptor,AR)在大约12%的TNBC中表达,主要包括转录组分型中的LAR亚
目前AR抑制剂治疗TNBC患者的研究大多为I/Ⅱ期临床试验,缺乏Ⅲ/Ⅳ期大样本数据来进一步探讨AR抑制剂对TNBC患者的有效性。一项正在进行的Ⅲ期临床试
周期蛋白依赖性激酶(cyclin-dependent kinase,CDK)是调节细胞周期各阶段转变的关键酶,持续激活可导致肿瘤细胞增殖。CDK分为2个主要亚类,包括直接调节细胞周期各阶段的细胞周期相关CDK(CDK1、CDK2、CDK4和CDK6)和转录相关CDK(CDK7、CDK8、CDK9、CDK12和CDK13)。
CDK4/6抑制剂主要抑制G1-S期,从而抑制细胞DNA复制过程,是应用最广泛的CDK抑制剂。在ER阳性乳腺癌中,CDK4/6抑制剂已被证实能够显著改善DFS和OS,尤其是与内分泌治疗结合。MONARCH研究、MONALEESA研究、PALOMA研究等都证实了在ER阳性乳腺癌中CDK4/6抑制剂与内分泌治疗联合使用的疗
当前,针对多种CDK的选择性抑制剂的开发和探索也正在进行中。CDK7被称为CDK激活激酶,具有细胞周期控制和转录调控的双重功能,是癌症治疗的潜在靶
与其他类型的乳腺癌相比,TNBC肿瘤突变负荷更高、PD-L1表达水平更高、免疫细胞浸润水平更高,表明抑制PD-1与PD-L1的结合可能是治疗TNBC的一种有前景的方
目前,ICIs包括PD-1和PD-L1抑制剂,以及正在研发中的如LAG3、TIM3与ICOS的靶向药
当前研究致力于探索增加PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂疗效的联合治疗策略。根据IMpassion13
除了化疗,相关临床研究也正致力于开发ICIs联合其他药物用于治疗TNBC,以扩大ICIs治疗的受益群体。候选药物包括目前已有明确的肿瘤治疗疗效的PARP抑制剂或抗体偶联(antibody-drug conjugate,ADC)药
嵌合抗原受体T细胞(chimeric antigen receptor T cells,CAR-T)疗法利用基因工程来修饰患者的外周T细胞,赋予它们靶向和识别肿瘤细胞的特
肿瘤疫苗是一种新兴的免疫治疗策略,其作用是将肿瘤抗原引入患者体内,激活人体的免疫系统,并产生有效的抗肿瘤免疫反应,杀死肿瘤细
ADC主要利用抗体作为载体,旨在将靶向治疗的选择性与化疗的细胞毒性结合起来,将细胞毒性药物递送到肿瘤细胞内,导致肿瘤细胞死
Trop-2是一种跨膜糖蛋白,由TACSTD2基因编码,在TNBC上高表达。Trop-2过度表达通常预示着更具侵袭性和更差的预
据报道,HER-2低表达[即IHC(1+)或IHC(2+)/FISH(-)]的患者约占TNBC的38%,且具有独特的临床特征。尽管既往研究表明,由trastuzumab和DM1组成ADC药物T-DM1在HER-2低表达乳腺癌患者中的活性有限,但新型ADC在 HER-2低表达患者中表现出令人鼓舞的抗肿瘤活性。DS-8201a(T-DXd)是一种HER-2靶向ADC,由抗HER-2抗体和拓扑异构酶I抑制剂DX-8951(DXd)的衍生物组成。临床试
对TNBC生物学特性的了解有助于识别其内部不同的患者群体,从而推动多种靶向疗法的开发。尽管现有研究已经探讨了TNBC部分内在特征,了解了其分子特征和微环境结构,但其异质性所提示的治疗意义仍然值得进一步探索。新的药物治疗选择(如PARP抑制剂、ADC药物、ICIs)也将重新定义TNBC的治疗策略。未来,我们期望通过整合现有的多组学数据,开发新的靶点,以达到个体化精准治疗的目标。
作者贡献声明
邵笛负责进行材料收集、撰写文稿;余天剑负责对本文进行修改并补充了部分资料;邵志敏负责构思本文总体框架并对文稿撰写进行指导。
利益冲突
所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
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