摘要
支架植入术和球囊血管成形术(POBA)仍是股腘动脉支架再狭窄的主要治疗方式,该术式具有良好的短期通畅率,但是由于支架对血管内膜的持续刺激,使得支架内极易发生再次狭窄。随着腔内血管技术的发展,准分子激光消蚀术(ELA)联合药物涂层球囊(DCB)的应用为血管内支架再狭窄的治疗提供了新的手段。因此,本研究探讨ELA联合DCB治疗复杂股腘动脉支架再狭窄的安全性和有效性。
回顾性分析2020年6月—2022年6月期间接受介入手术治疗的股腘动脉支架再狭窄69例患者临床资料,其中,27例患者接受ELA联合DCB治疗(ELA+DCB组),42例患者接受POBA联合DCB治疗(POBA+DCB组)。比较两组患者的相关临床指标。
两组患者术前基线资料差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。69例患者手术入路均真腔开通,ELA+DCB组和POBA+DCB组手术成功率分别为92.6%(25/27)和90.5%(38/42),差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组术中各项不良事件发生率差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。Logistic风险回归分析结果显示,靶病变血栓是ELA联合DCB术中远端栓塞的独立危险因素(HR=24.695,95% CI=1.061~574.904,P=0.046)。两组患者术后即刻及术后1、6个月的踝肱指数(ABI)差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05),但ELA+DCB组术后12、18、24个月ABI优于POBA+DCB组(均P<0.05)。两组术后全因死亡与截肢率差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05);Kaplan-Meier分析结果显示,ELA+POBA组2年免于靶病变血运重建率(81.5% vs. 57.1%,P=0.044)和2年血管通畅率(77.8% vs. 52.4%,P=0.031)优于POBA+DCB组。ROC曲线分析显示,术中激光导管直径/参考血管直径(TD/RVD)预测ELA联合DCB术后2年血管通畅率的截断值为0.47(AUC=0.825,95% CI=0.619~1.000),特异度为66.7%;Cox风险回归分析结果显示,术后抗凝抗血小板治疗(HR=0.033,95% CI=0.002~0.661,P=0.026)、膝下动脉开通数(≥2)(HR=0.022,95% CI=0.001~0.808,P=0.038)、TD/RVD≥0.47(HR=0.002,95% CI=0.000~0.403,P=0.022)是提高ELA联合DCB术后2年血管通畅率的独立因素。
随着经济发展,人们的生活水平日益提高,饮食结构改变以及抽烟喝酒等不良习惯增多,外周血管疾病也呈指数增加。下肢动脉硬化闭塞症是临床中引起下肢缺血的常见外周血管疾病,主要表现为间歇性跛行和静息痛等,严重者甚至会出现局部坏
ELA早期应用于冠状动脉粥样硬化性病变,并证实能有效减少冠状动脉血管内膜壁的增
回顾性收集哈尔滨医科大学附属第二医院血管外科2020年6月—2022年6月接受ELA+DCB或POBA+DCB治疗的复杂股腘动脉支架再狭窄患者临床资料。纳入标准:⑴ 预期寿命>2年;⑵ Rutherford分级3~5级,Tosaka Ⅱ、Ⅲ型;⑶ 外周动脉钙化评分系统(peripheral arterial calcium scoring system,PACSS)分级≥2级;⑷ 所有患者均签署手术知情同意书;⑸ 靶病变位于股总动脉分叉开口处至髌骨近缘齐平的腘动脉远端的动脉段,且术前CTA及术中造影示靶病变具有以下特征:靶病变位于支架内,并显示支架内再狭窄,狭窄程度>50%或完全闭塞;受试者再术前须至少有1条可供患者足部通畅的自体膝下动脉(即狭窄程度<50%);靶病变长度>150 mm。排除标准:⑴ 凝血功能障碍、对造影剂严重过敏等无法手术患者;⑵ 患者患有精神类疾病无法配合手术;⑶ 下肢急性栓塞或血管真腔无法开通的患者;⑷ 随访时间<2年。
患者取平卧位,腹股沟区常规消毒铺巾,局部浸润麻醉后Seldinger法逆行穿刺对侧股动脉,穿刺成功后置入6 F动脉鞘通过泥鳅导丝和单弯导管超选患侧髂动脉,顺利进入股总动脉,经翻山鞘造影明确靶病变段的部位和性质以及流入和流出道情况(

图1 ELA联合DCB治疗术中情况 A:血管造影显示股浅动脉支架内狭窄(>50%),支架下段及远端慢性完全闭塞;B:ELA治疗支架再狭窄;C:ELA后血管造影获得满意管腔;D:联合DCB治疗后血管造影获得满意管腔
Figure 1 Intraoperative views of ELA plus DCB treatment A: Angiography showing >50% in-stent stenosis in the superficial femoral artery, with chronic total occlusion in the distal stent segment and beyond; B: ELA treatment for in-stent restenosis; C: Angiography post-ELA showing a satisfactory lumen; D: Angiography showing a satisfactory lumen after combined DCB treatment
对所有患者术后1、6、12、18、24个月进行随访,复查患者术后踝肱指数(ankle brachial index,ABI)、多普勒超声或双下肢CT血管成像(computed tomography angiography,CTA)。主要终点为血管通畅率:定义为在随访期间,治疗的靶病变血管未出现闭塞或明显狭窄(狭窄程度>50%),且无须再次干预。次要终点为免于靶病变血管重建率:与术后ABI基线相比ABI下降>0.2或ABI<0.4且有明显再狭窄/闭塞的证据,出现明显症状需手术再次干
采用SPSS 27.0软件进行统计分析。若计量数据为正态分布或近似正态分布,则计量单位资料采用均数±标准差()表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验;若计量数据为偏态分布,则计量单位资料采用中位数(四分位数间距)[M(IQR)]表示,组间比较采用非参数检验。计数单位资料采用频数百分比表示,组间比较采用
69例复杂股腘动脉支架再狭窄患者中,ELA+DCB组27例(39.1%),POBA+DCB组42例(60.9%)。其中男性48例(69.6%),吸烟36例(52.2%),患者平均年龄为(67.49±7.18)岁,平均血脂为(4.53±1.35)mmol/L,术前ABI 0.39±0.12,血管病变长度(211.12±20.38)mm。ELA+DCB组患者中Tosaka Ⅲ型10例(37.0%),Rutherford 5级4例(14.8%),靶病变段血栓形成4例(14.8%);POBA+DCB组患者中Tosaka Ⅲ型15例(35.7%),Rutherford 5级6例(14.3%),靶病变段血栓形成7例(16.7%)。两组患者的一般资料和血管特征差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)(
项目 | ELA+DCB组(n=27) | POBA+DCB组(n=42) | t/ | P |
---|---|---|---|---|
年龄(岁,) | 65.44±8.46 | 68.81±5.96 | 1.799 | 0.079 |
男性[n(%)] | 18(66.7) | 30(71.4) | 0.176 | 0.675 |
高血压[n(%)] | 20(74.1) | 34(81.0) | 0.457 | 0.499 |
吸烟[n(%)] | 17(63.0) | 19(45.2) | 2.069 | 0.150 |
冠心病[n(%)] | 6(22.2) | 6(14.3) | 0.721 | 0.396 |
脑梗死史[n(%)] | 7(25.9) | 15(35.7) | 0.725 | 0.394 |
糖尿病[n(%)] | 8(29.6) | 14(33.3) | 0.104 | 0.747 |
血脂(mmol/L,) | 4.23±1.07 | 4.72±1.49 | 1.462 | 0.149 |
靶病变长度(mm,) | 212.41±21.09 | 210.29±20.12 | 0.420 | 0.676 |
Rutherford分级[n(%)] | ||||
3 | 15(55.6) | 26(61.9) | 0.328 | 0.849 |
4 | 8(29.6) | 10(23.8) | ||
5 | 4(14.8) | 6(14.3) | ||
术前ABI() | 0.40±0.13 | 0.37±0.12 | 0.918 | 0.362 |
Tosaka分型[n(%)] | ||||
Ⅱ | 17(63.0) | 27(64.3) | 0.012 | 0.911 |
Ⅲ | 10(37.0) | 15(35.7) | ||
病变类型[n(%)] | ||||
狭窄 | 17(63.0) | 24(57.1) | 0.234 | 0.890 |
闭塞 | 6(22.2) | 11(26.2) | ||
血栓 | 4(14.8) | 7(16.7) |
69例患者手术入路均真腔开通,ELA+DCB组和POBA+DCB组手术成功率分别为92.6%(25/27)和90.5%(38/42),差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组术中不良事件,如夹层、穿孔、远端栓塞等差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)(
不良事件 | ELA+DCB组(n=27) | POBA+DCB组(n=42) | t/ | P |
---|---|---|---|---|
限流性夹层 | 1(3.7) | 1(2.4) | 0.000 |
1.00 |
残余狭窄 | 2(7.4) | 4(9.5) | 0.000 |
1.00 |
旧支架断裂 | 0(0.0) | 1(2.4) | — |
1.00 |
远端栓塞 | 5(18.5) | 2(4.8) | 2.070 |
0.15 |
血管穿孔 | 1(3.7) | 0(0.0) | — |
0.39 |
穿刺点血肿 | 0(0.0) | 1(2.4) | — |
1.00 |
注: 1)采用矫正
Note: 1) Using corrected
因素 | 单因素分析 | 多因素分析 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
HR(95% CI) | P | HR(95% CI) | P | |
年龄 | 1.014(0.900~1.142) | 0.822 | — | — |
高血压 | 0.667(0.061~7.230) | 0.739 | — | — |
血脂 | 0.293(0.079~1.087) | 0.067 | — | — |
糖尿病 | 1.778(0.236~13.405) | 0.577 | — | |
性别 | 0.438(0.041~4.621) | 0.492 | — | — |
吸烟 | 0.361(0.034~3.788) | 0.396 | — | — |
血管病变长度 | 0.961(0.901~1.026) | 0.233 | 0.987(0.912~1.069) | 0.755 |
Tosaka Ⅲ型 | 3.214(0.434~23.787) | 0.253 | 1.309(0.093~18.490) | 0.842 |
Rutherford分级 | 0.611(0.136~2.754) | 0.521 | 0.537(0.059~4.849) | 0.580 |
靶病变段血栓 | 31.500(2.142~463.143) | 0.012 | 24.695(1.061~574.904) | 0.046 |
两组患者术后症状均获改善,但两组术后即刻ABI差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。患者术后随访2年,随访期间2例患者死亡,其中1例患者行大截肢手术2个月后,因长期卧床制动,下肢深静脉出现血栓,血栓脱落至肺动脉,引起急性肺栓塞死亡;1例患者突发心肌梗死死亡。3例患者行大截肢(踝关节水平以上的截肢),1例患者行小截肢(在踝关节及其以下水平关节离断),两组患者的全因死亡和截肢率差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。两组患者术后1、6个月ABI差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05),但术后12、18、24个月ABI值差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)(
项目 | ELA+DCB组(n=27) | POBA+DCB组(n=42) | t/ | P |
---|---|---|---|---|
ABI() | ||||
术后即刻 | 0.88±0.15 | 0.83±0.16 | 1.414 | 0.162 |
术后1个月 | 0.81±0.15 | 0.77±0.15 | 1.046 | 0.299 |
术后6个月 | 0.67±0.10 | 0.63±0.14 | 1.272 | 0.208 |
术后12个月 | 0.59±0.08 | 0.55±0.08 | 2.045 | 0.046 |
术后18个月 | 0.56±0.07 | 0.52±0.08 | 2.104 | 0.040 |
术后24个月 | 0.54±0.07 | 0.50±0.06 | 2.299 | 0.026 |
大截肢[n(%)] | 1(3.7) | 2(4.8) | 0.000 |
1.00 |
小截肢[n(%)] | 0(0.0) | 1(2.4) | — |
1.00 |
全因死亡[n(%)] | 0(0.0) | 2(4.8) | — |
0.51 |
2年血管通畅[n(%)] | 21(77.8) | 22(52.4) | 4.666 | 0.031 |
2年免于靶病变血运重建[n(%)] | 22(81.5) | 24(57.1) | 4.050 | 0.044 |
注: 1)采用矫正
Note: 1) Using corrected

图2 两组患者术后2年免于靶病变血运重建率比较
Figure 2 Comparison of 2-year freedom from target lesion revascularization rates between the two groups

图3 两组患者术后2年血管通畅率比较
Figure 3 Comparison of 2-year patency rates between the two groups
ROC曲线分析显示,术中TD/RVD预测ELA+DCB术后2年血管通畅率的截断值为0.47(AUC=0.825,95% CI=0.619~1.000),特异度为66.7%(

图4 TD/RVD预测ELA联合DCB术后2年血管通畅率ROC曲线
Figure 4 ROC Curve of TD/RVD predicting 2-year patency rates after ELA plus DCB treatment
因素 | 单因素分析 | 多因素分析 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
HR(95% CI) | P | HR(95% CI) | P | |
年龄 | 1.071(0.961~1.194) | 0.214 | — | — |
高血压 | 0.573(0.067~4.907) | 0.611 | — | — |
血脂 | 0.558(0.239~1.304) | 0.178 | — | — |
冠心病 | 1.340(0.156~11.475) | 0.790 | — | — |
脑梗死史 | 34.420(0.020~60 652.681) | 0.353 | — | — |
性别 | 2.443(0.492~12.134) | 0.275 | — | — |
吸烟 | 0.836(0.153~4.568) | 0.836 | — | — |
糖尿病 | 0.438(0.051~3.752) | 0.451 | — | — |
血管病变长度 | 1.001(0.965~1.039) | 0.938 | 0.966(0.869~1.074) | 0.521 |
Tosaka Ⅲ型 | 1.779(0.359~8.824) | 0.481 | 3.076(0.145~65.076) | 0.471 |
术后抗凝抗血小板治疗 | 0.122(0.022~0.677) | 0.016 | 0.033(0.002~0.661) | 0.026 |
补救性支架 | 4.073(0.471~35.216) | 0.202 | 7.792(0.055~1 106.000) | 0.417 |
Rutherford分级 | 2.135(0.819~5.566) | 0.121 | 0.252(0.023~2.730) | 0.257 |
膝下动脉开通数(≥2) | 0.085(0.015~0.476) | 0.005 | 0.022(0.001~0.808) | 0.038 |
TD/RVD(≥0.47) | 0.048(0.008~0.281) | <0.001 | 0.002(0.000~0.403) | 0.022 |
本研究回顾性分析了69例复杂股腘动脉支架再狭窄患者,其临床症状及术后ABI均得到了明显改善。本研究表明,相较于DCB联合POBA,ELA联合DCB的中远期疗效是确切的,但两组患者在术中和术后安全性方面无明显差异。先前有研
从理论上讲,ELA能有效地扩大血管管腔,抑制血小板聚集,另一方面ELA在血管内皮中产生的微孔可以促进血管内膜对药物球囊中紫杉醇充分吸收。但减容的同时,会对内膜造成一定的损伤,刺激内膜的增生,而结合DCB的使用可以有效地抑制其增
通过Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析得出,ELA+DCB组在术后2年血管通畅率方面优于POBA+DCB组(77.8% vs. 52.4%,P=0.031),但仍有22.2%患者出现再狭窄或再闭塞,因此需要进一步分析ELA+DCB组患者术后2年血管通畅率的影响因素。就本研究结果而言,在治疗复杂股腘动脉支架再狭窄中膝下动脉的开通是十分重要的,无论是POBA还是ELA,流出道条件不良不仅可促进内膜增生,而且会导致股腘动脉流速减慢,管腔内血流动力学改变,促进血管内膜及中膜增生,从而导致动脉内径变细,进一步增加了湍流血流对动脉壁的损伤,最终导致股腘动脉再狭窄的发生。Park
在单因素和多因素Cox风险回归分析中,补救性支架(HR=7.792,95% CI=0.055~1 106.000,P=0.417)并不作为ELA+DCB组2年血管通畅率的独立危险因素,因此考虑影响患者的血管通畅率不仅仅是支架本身减少了血管直径以及刺激血管内膜细胞的增生,更多的原因可能是患者自身血管条件不佳,对球囊反应性差、易弹性回缩,或者血管钙化严重,既影响药物渗透和充分分布,同时球囊扩张后容易造成限流性夹层和血管痉挛,需置入补救性支
随着血管腔内治疗的不断发展,临床上在治疗下肢动脉硬化闭塞症方面,支架植入术仍然是必不可少的,但是目前预防支架再狭窄仍是当前临床上需要解决的难点,因此,支架植入术后的药物治疗方案至关重要,本研究通过分析表明,术后抗血小板抗凝治疗(HR=0.003,95% CI=0.002~0.661,P=0.026)能有效改善ELA联合DCB治疗患者的2年血管通畅率。69例患者术后均采用抗血小板抗凝治疗即阿司匹林(100 mg,1次/d)联合利伐沙班(2.5 mg,1次/d)。在COMPASS试
本研究表明,ELA联合DCB在治疗复杂股腘动脉支架再狭窄是一种安全有效的手术方法。相较于POBA联合DCB而言,ELA联合DCB在中远期血管通畅率方面治疗效果更优,符合当前所提倡的“介入无植入”观念。为复杂股腘动脉支架再狭窄提供了新的思路和可行性方案。同时术中处理和术后抗凝抗血小板治疗同样影响ELA联合DCB治疗复杂股腘动脉支架再狭窄的中远期通畅率。
作者贡献声明
徐展负责研究设计、实施、数据统计和文章撰写;张天华、陈波负责数据收集整理、文章撰写和修改;姜维良负责研究的设计、实施、质控和文章的修改。
利益冲突
所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
参考文献
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