摘要
根据《中国结直肠癌诊疗规范(2023版)》,对存在高危因素的早期结直肠癌患者,内镜切除后需行补充根治性手术。然而,鉴于早期结直肠癌的淋巴结转移率较低,部分患者可能并未从补充手术中获益。因此,精准筛选真正获益的患者,优化补充手术的适应证,是当前亟需解决的问题。本研究旨在通过单中心大样本的回顾性分析,探讨内镜切除后补充根治性手术中淋巴结转移的危险因素及其分布特征,为临床决策提供参考。
回顾性分析2008—2023年于复旦大学附属肿瘤医院内镜治疗后接受补充根治性手术的早期结直肠癌患者的临床及病理资料,采用二元Logistic回归及多因素分析补充外科术后淋巴结转移的危险因素,并对发生转移的淋巴结分布特点进行研究。
共纳入417例患者,其中36例(8.63%)术后证实存在淋巴结转移。随着时间推移,补充手术例数呈上升趋势,而术后癌残留比例逐渐下降。纳入243例患者进行危险因素分析,单因素分析提示黏膜下浸润深度SM2及以上、肿瘤分化差、脉管癌栓阳性及肿瘤位置为淋巴结转移的高危因素;多因素分析显示,浸润深度(P=0.039)及肿瘤位置(P=0.014)为独立危险因素。转移淋巴结中,58.3%为单枚转移,63.9%局限于第1站,36.1%涉及第2站,未见第3站转移。仅4例患者术前影像提示淋巴结肿大。
关键词
随着结直肠癌早期筛查的普及,内镜下治疗早期结直肠癌比例逐渐增加,尤其对于初始无法明确性质的局限性病
回顾性收集2008—2023年在复旦大学附属肿瘤医院大肠外科内镜治疗后行补充根治性手术的患者的临床病理资料。共417例患者接受补充性手术,其中男性259例,女性158例。研究通过复旦大学附属肿瘤医院伦理委员会审批(伦理审批号:050432-4-2108),患者签署知情同意文件。
补充手术标准参考中国结直肠癌诊疗规范(2023版

图1 淋巴结转移危险因素分析病例入组流程图
Figure 1 Flowchart of case enrollment for risk factor analysis of lymph node metastasis
本研究共纳入2008—2023年间行补充根治性手术患者417例,男性259例、女性158例;结肠205例、直肠腹膜反折以下87例、腹膜反折以上125例;补充根治性手术方式包括结肠切除术206例,直肠前切除155例,低位直肠前切除+预防性回肠造口20例,腹会阴联合直肠癌根治手术25例,经肛门内镜直肠肿瘤切除术(transanal endoscopic microsurgery,TEM)2例,2例行经肛全直肠系膜切除术(transanal total mesorectal excision,TaTME)+预防性回肠造口,经肛门扩大切除7例;2020—2023年较2008—2018年腹会阴联合切除病例数减少,而补充根治性手术的总量呈明显增长趋势(
基本资料 | 总体(n=417) | 2008—2018年(n=208) | 2020—2023年(n=209) |
---|---|---|---|
性别[n(%)] | |||
男 | 259(62.1) | 129(62.0) | 130(62.2) |
女 | 158(37.9) | 79(38.0) | 79(37.8) |
年龄[岁,M(IQR)] | 57(28~83) | 58(28~83) | 56(31~78) |
肿瘤位置[n(%)] | |||
直肠(反折以下) | 87(20.9) | 50(24.0) | 37(17.7) |
直肠(反折以上) | 125(30.0) | 68(32.7) | 57(27.3) |
结肠 | 205(49.1) | 90(43.3) | 115(55.0) |
手术方式[n(%)] | |||
结肠癌根治术 | 206(49.4) | 95(45.7) | 111(53.1) |
直肠前切除术 | 155(37.2) | 80(38.5) | 75(35.9) |
直肠前切除术+预防性造口 | 20(4.8) | 8(3.8) | 12(5.7) |
腹会阴联合直肠癌根治术 | 25(6.0) | 24(11.5) | 1(0.4) |
TEM(TaTME+造口) | 4(1.0) | 0(0.0) | 4(2.0) |
经肛扩大切除 | 7(1.6) | 1(0.5) | 6(2.9) |
注: 2019年由于疫情防控,数据库建立不完善,未纳入统计
Note: Data from 2019 were not included in the analysis due to incomplete database establishment as a result of pandemic-related restrictions

图2 2008—2023年内补充根治性手术例数及癌残留情况变化趋势图
Figure 2 Trends in the number of supplemental radical surgeries and incidence of residual cancer from 2008 to 2023
243例患者纳入危险因素分析,其中淋巴结转移阴性207例,阳性36例。神经侵犯由于仅2例样本,未纳入统计。二元Logistic回归结果显示:黏膜下层浸润深度SM2及以上(P=0.019)、脉管癌栓阳性(P=0.004)、肿瘤分化差(P=0.05,共43例,其中低分化25例、黏液腺癌15例、印戒细胞癌3例)、肿瘤位置(P=0.007)为淋巴结转移阳性危险因素(
临床病理资料 | 淋巴结转移 | RR(95% CI) | P | |
---|---|---|---|---|
阴性(n=207) | 阳性(n=36) | |||
性别 | ||||
男 | 130(62.8) | 23(63.9) | 1.074(0.519~2.223) | 0.847 |
女 | 77(37.2) | 13(36.1) | ||
肿瘤位置 | ||||
直肠 | 84(40.6) | 23(63.9) | ||
右半结肠 | 29(14.0) | 6(16.7) | 0.308(0.131~0.724) | 0.007 |
左半结肠 | 94(45.4) | 7(19.4) | ||
病理分化程度 | ||||
分化 | 31(15.0) | 12(33.3) | 0.355(0.126~1.000) | 0.05 |
中高分化 | 176(85.0) | 24(66.7) | ||
浸润深度 | ||||
SM1(浅表浸润) | 68(32.9) | 5(13.9) | 3.308(1.216~9.000) | 0.019 |
≥SM2(中间及深部浸润) | 111(53.6) | 27(75.0) | ||
无法判断 | 28(13.5) | 4(11.1) | ||
脉管癌栓 | ||||
有 | 26(12.6) | 11(30.5) | 0.295(0.12~0.683) | 0.004 |
无 | 168(81.1) | 20(55.6) | ||
无法判断 | 13(6.3) | 5(13.9) | ||
肿瘤最大径(cm) | ||||
<1 | 8(3.9) | 3(8.3) | 0.431(0.099~1.880) | 0.263 |
1~2 | 69(33.3) | 10(27.8) | ||
2~3 | 79(38.2) | 8(22.2) | ||
>3 | 18(8.7) | 1(2.8) | ||
未知 | 33(15.9) | 14(38.9) | ||
切缘阳性 | ||||
否 | 18(8.7) | 2(5.6) | 1.355(0.516~3.559) | 0.526 |
是 | 189(91.3) | 34(94.4) |
注: 1)分化差包含低分化、黏液腺癌、印戒细胞癌
Note: 1) Poor differentiation includes poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, mucinous adenocarcinoma, and signet ring cell carcinoma
临床病理资料 | β | SE | OR(95% CI) | P |
---|---|---|---|---|
分化程度差 | -0.748 | 0.586 | 0.473(0.150~1.491) | 0.201 |
浸润深度 | 1.107 | 0.537 | 3.026(1.056~8.666) | 0.039 |
脉管癌栓 | -0.823 | 0.470 | 0.439(0.175~1.104) | 0.080 |
肿瘤位置 | -1.151 | 0.470 | 0.316(0.126~0.795) | 0.014 |
36例淋巴结转移阳性病例分析结果提示,淋巴结转移1枚21例、2枚9例、≥3枚6例。转移淋巴结分布于第1站23例,第2站13例,无第3站淋巴结转移。术前影像检查,CT或者MRI或者PET/CT提示淋巴结增大4例,因无淋巴结示踪,肿大淋巴结是否为阳性尚不明确,无明确淋巴结肿大32例(
项目 | 数值 |
---|---|
淋巴结转移数目(枚) | |
1 | 21(58.3) |
2 | 9(25.0) |
≥3 | 6(16.7) |
转移淋巴结位置 | |
第1站 | 23(63.9) |
第2站 | 13(36.1) |
第3站 | 0(0.0) |
术前影像 | |
无显示 | 32(88.9) |
淋巴结增大(>5 mm) | 4(11.1) |
近年来,早期结直肠肿瘤的检出率明显升高,对于结直肠腺瘤、息肉及早期肿瘤,内镜下黏膜切除术及内镜黏膜下剥离术等技术在首次治疗中发挥了重要的作用,研
黏膜下层浸润深度被国内及日本欧美指南纳入作为是否进行补充切除的重要决定因素,黏膜下浸润深度的测量方法主要是Haggitt分型以及Kikuchi-SM系
低分化腺癌约占所有结直肠癌病例的5%~10
研究证实早期结直肠癌仅约10%从术前影像学可发现淋巴结转移,有学
通过分析近3年补充切除的手术方式与之前的手术方式之间的变化发现,补充手术中Miles手术明显减少。在充分告知的前提下部分患者选择局部扩大切除和密切随访的治疗方式。可见对于涉及肛门保留的患者,选择治疗方案已十分谨慎,避免切除后无恶性肿瘤残留的尴尬情况。TaTME是利用常规腹腔镜器械经肛门途径完成直肠肿瘤局部切除或全直肠系膜切除
研究的局限性与不足,在病例资料搜集过程中可见病理报告规范化程度差异较大,早期(10年前)入院病史采集过程中可能遗漏部分内镜术后病理资料情况,导致纳入分析的病例仅占全部病例数的58.3%(243/417)、分析因素不全面(神经侵犯病例仅2例未纳入分析,无肿瘤出芽的分析)。此外本研究仅纳入内镜切除术后的病例,未纳入初诊行手术治疗的早期结直肠肿瘤患者,对整个早期结直肠癌的淋巴结转移阳性率指导意义有限。
作者贡献声明
李磊、骆大葵、徐楠负责数据收集与分析和初稿撰写;王雁军、廉朋负责研究优化、文章修改;李心翔负责研究设计与文章最终审阅及修改。
利益冲突
所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
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