Objective: To observe the short- and mid-term efficacy of different durations of anticoagulant therapy for isolated calf muscle vein thrombosis (ICMVT). Methods: The clinical data of 154 ICMVT patients admitted over the past 4 years were analyzed. Results: Of the 154 patients, the mean age was (52.02±11.23) years, and 69 cases were male and 85 cases were female, with a total of 168 limbs. The diagnosis for all patients was confirmed by duplex ultrasound (DUS). The duration of anticoagulant therapy was 1 month for 52 patients, 3 months for 48 patients, and 6 months for 54 patients, respectively, and compression stockings were used simultaneously in all patients. Results of the followed-up DUS examination at 6 months after treatment showed that the therapeutic effects among the 3 groups had no statistical difference (P>0.05). In the entire group of patients, no pulmonary embolism was noted, hemorrhagic events occurred in 5 cases, and deep venous thrombosis (DVT) developed in 2 cases; DVT or recurrence was found in 14 cases during the period of 6 to 18 months after discontinuance of anticoagulant therapy. Conclusion: The short- and mid-term efficacies of different duration of anticoagulant therapy for ICMVT patients are similar, and their long-term efficacies, however, require further determination.