Objective: To investigate the early diagnosis and treatment of mesenteric vascular disease (MVD). Methods: The clinical data of 13 MVD patients admitted from January 2002 to October 2010 were retrospectively analyzed. Of the patients, 7 cases had mesenteric artery embolism (MAE) and 6 cases had mesenteric venous thrombosis (MVT). Results: All of the 13 patients were admitted to the hospital for acute abdominal pain, and underwent Doplex vascular ultrasound, CT, MRI and CTA examination respectively, and in 10 cases an early diagnosis of MVD was made by Doplex vascular ultrasound. Three patients received non-surgical treatment, and 10 cases with the signs of peritonitis underwent surgical treatment that included surgical venous embolectomy, Fogarty catheter embolectomy and resection of necrotic bowel, and postoperative anticoagulation therapy. The 13 patients recovered and were discharged. Conclusion: MVD can be easily confused with other acute abdominal conditions, and correct diagnosis depends on clinical vigilance and relevant examinations. Early diagnosis and aggressive management are essential elements for the successful outcome of these patients.