Objective: To investigate the clinical diagnosis and treatment efficacy of carcinoma of pancreatic body and tail. Methods: The clinical data of 45 patients with carcinoma of pancreatic body and tail treated in the Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University from January 2001 to December 2014 were reviewed. The diagnosis, treatment and outcomes of the patients were analyzed. Results: Of the 45 patients, the main symptom was atypical upper abdominal pain (37/45); CA19-9 positive rate was 71.1% (32/45); the detection rate of occupying lesion in the body and tail of the pancreas by B ultrasound and CT was 92.5% (37/42) and 97.8% (44/45), respectively. All patients underwent surgical exploration that included radical resection in 27 cases, palliative bypass drainage in 3 cases, and tumor biopsy plus anhydrous ethanol injection in 15 cases. The perioperative major complication was pancreatic fistula, the incidence of which was 6.7% (3/45). The overall postoperative median survival time was 11 months, in which the median survival time for patients undergoing radical resection was 18 months, and for those undergoing non-radical resection was 5 months, and the difference had statistical significance (χ2=47.1, P<0.05). Conclusion: The clinical symptoms of carcinoma of pancreatic body and tail are atypical, early detection of this disease is difficult, the overall prognosis is poor, and only the promotion of early diagnosis and radical surgery can help improve the patients’ prognosis.