Cholangioenterostomy is a most commonly used procedure for biliary reconstruction and widely used in treatment of biliary obstruction caused by benign and malignant biliary tract diseases. Because any type of cholangio-intestinal anastomosis will change the body's normal gastrointestinal anatomy and physiological structure, once biliary tract disease re-occurs in these patients, the repeated operation is dangerous, difficult and also unacceptable by them, which pose a great challenge in clinical practice. The development of minimally invasive technologies, especially the development and perfection of percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy (PTCS) in recent years provides a safe, feasible and effective strategy for dealing with such conditions. The authors present the application and research progress of PTCS in diagnosis and treatment of biliary tract diseases after cholangioenterostomy.