The incidence of diabetes is rising with years, and its high morbidity and disability rates have seriously threatened human health. As one of the important components of human microecosystem, intestinal microecological system helps the human body to transform and absorb nutrients and has close reciprocities with many tissues and organs, so it is an important guarantee for human health. In recent years, the intestinal microecological structure and characteristics of populations with different diseases have been analyzed by using techniques of macrogenomics and bioinformatics, which revealed that there is a close and complex relationship between human health and the intestinal microecological profile. There is also a strong relationship between intestinal microecological profile and the occurrence and development of diabetes mellitus. Here, the authors mainly address the complex link of intestinal microecological environments to diabetes mellitus and the research progress.