Objective: To evaluate the application value of biliary water injection test in laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE). Methods: Using a prospective cohort design, 95 patients undergoing LCBDE and stone extraction from January 2016 to October 2017 in Chifeng Clinical Medical School of Inner Mongolia Medical University were enrolled and randomly designated to study group (46 cases) and control group (49 cases). Performance of primary closure of the common bile duct or T-tube drainage was decided by observation of the status of the sphincter of Oddi (SO) through choledochoscopic biliary water injection test in study group, while that was judged by conventional methods in control group. The relevant clinical variables were compared between the two groups of patients. Results: There were no significant differences in preoperative general data between the two groups (all P>0.05). The operative time showed no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05), but the primary choledochal closure rate in study group was significantly higher than that in control group (26.1% vs. 10.2%, χ2=4.074, P=0.044). No death or severe complications occurred in the two groups, and both the overall incidence of complications and incidence of each complication also showed no significant differences between the two groups (all P>0.05). No significant differences were noted in hospitalization costs, length of postoperative hospital stay and abdominal drainage time between the two groups (all P>0.05). No stone recurrence occurred within half a year in both groups. Conclusion: The biliary water injection test can safely and effectively evaluate the SO function and reduce the T-tube placement, and thereby avoid the discomfort and pain caused by unnecessary T-tube indwelling and the associated complications, which is in accordance with the current concept of enhanced recovery after surgery.