Esophogastric variceal bleeding is one of the severe and lethal complications of liver cirrhosis, and portal hypertension and esophogastric variceal vein damage are essential and main risk factors for its occurrence. Its clinical treatment includes medications, endoscopic or interventional therapy, surgery and liver transplantation, each with specific advantages. From the perspectives of control of the risk factors such as portal vein pressure, varicose vein damage and liver function injury, the authors analyzed and evaluated the clinical effect and mechanism of various clinical treatment methods. The clinical effect of single risk factor control is often limited, while the combined treatment for multiple control of the risk factors has better clinical efficacy. Furthermore, endoscopy combined with splenic arterial trunk embolization has theoretical advantages over other treatment options.