With the flourishing development of omics technologies in recent years, the widespread application of genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, modification-specific proteomics, single-cell transcriptomics, spatial transcriptomics, and other omics approaches has deepened the multidimensional analysis of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) heterogeneity. The in-depth exploration in basic research has made it possible to target some key signaling pathways for precision therapy. Recent clinical studies have discovered promising therapeutic approaches, offering therapeutic opportunities for both early and late-stage TNBC patients by targeting tumor-intrinsic mechanisms and microenvironmental characteristics. Based on the intrinsic features of TNBC and the current treatment landscape, the authors of this article discuss the progress of precision therapy from the perspectives of internal heterogeneity and treatment modalities in TNBC.