The only curative method for abdominal wall hernias or defects, such as incisional hernia, traumatic abdominal wall hernia, and abdominal wall defect following the resection of malignant tumor, is surgical repair and reconstruction. Various repair and reconstruction techniques have undergone numerous advancements, leading to the emergence of new methods such as tissue structure separation, transversus abdominis release, and laparoscopic retromuscular or preperitoneal techniques. However, due to factors such as patient variability, the surgeon's technical experience, and materials, treatment outcomes are often suboptimal. Thus, the repair and reconstruction of abdominal wall defects, particularly complex abdominal wall hernia, remain challenging issues in the field of hernia and abdominal wall surgery. As a key factor in the development of hernia and abdominal wall surgery, material science is closely linked to the choice of repair and reconstruction methods. In recent years, advancements in material science have been rapid, evolving from simple structural tissue repair to the ultimate goal of achieving unified abdominal wall structure and function. The requirements for material properties have also shifted from mechanical strength to functional regeneration. The continuous pursuit of technical innovation will remain a focal point for hernia and abdominal wall surgeons for the foreseeable future.