摘要
肝门部胆管癌(HCCA)是指发生在左右肝管、汇合部以及肝总管上段,起源于胆管上皮细胞的一种恶性肿瘤。其发病机制的复杂性、起病症状的隐匿性、解剖结构的特殊性,使得多数患者确诊时已经处于中晚期,是当前临床诊治的难点。仅约20%的患者能得到根治性切除,R0切除率为50%~92%。术后复发率高,预后差,5年生存率仅10%~42%。目前手术切除仍是改善预后的主要有效治疗方式。随着外科各项技术进步,HCCA的外科治疗取得一定进展,但仍面临诸多挑战。笔者就HCCA的外科治疗最新的研究进展及相关争议进行以下综述。
关键词
胆管癌是胆道最常见的原发性肿瘤,占所有胃肠道恶性肿瘤的3
HCCA常伴随梗阻性黄疸,术前胆道引流(preoperative biliary drainage,PBD)对于降低血清总胆红素,控制胆管炎,改善肝功能,降低肝衰竭风险及其对于患者一般情况的改善尤为重要。但与此同时会延长住院时间、增加术后死亡和并发症的发生率,还存在肿瘤进展的风
HCCA根治性切除术后的患者5年生存率仅为10%~42%之间,假如手术未能达到R0切除,中位生存时间<10个
尾状叶胆管开口于胆管分叉处常被HCCA浸润,联合尾状叶切除在Bismuth Ⅲ、Ⅳ型HCCA患者中已经被广泛接受并应用于临床实践,但是对于Bismuth Ⅰ、Ⅱ型HCCA,是否需常规施行尾状叶切除仍存在争议。Yang
HCCA因其横向浸润的生物学特性,使得进展期胆管癌侵犯门静脉和(或)肝动脉较早出
目前关于HCCA根治性切除进行淋巴结清扫时,清扫的淋巴结数量以及范围尚未达成共识。Aoba
随着影像学相关的外科技术的快速发展,腹腔镜、三维可视化等外科技术正在HCCA的诊治中显示出巨大应用前景。术前进行腹腔镜探查可显著提高判断肿瘤可切除性的准确性,规避对不可切除HCCA患者进行不必要开
对于不能行根治性切除的HCCA患者,肝移植是一个可以实现R0切除,提供潜在治愈机会的选
HCCA是肝胆外科医生面临的一种极具挑战性的疾病,手术切除仍是其主要治疗方式,但疗效和预后各个中心的标准参差不齐。随着各项外科技术进步,近年来患者的可切除率和生存率有所提高,但具体的手术方式选择仍存在争议,尚未形成统一标准。HCCA的外科治疗仍是一个值得深入研究的难点和热点,需要开展更多多中心、前瞻性临床研究以提高手术效果和预后,形成治疗共识。
作者贡献声明
杨景红负责收集复习文献并撰写初稿;叶林负责校对及修改;喻亚群负责指导审阅文章。
利益冲突
所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
参考文献
Sarcognato S, Sacchi D, Fassan M, et al. Cholangiocarcinoma[J]. Pathologica, 2021, 113(3):158-169. doi: 10.32074/1591-951x-252. [百度学术]
Klatskin G. Adenocarcinoma of the hepatic duct at its bifurcation within the porta hepatis. an unusual tumor with distinctive clinical and pathological features[J]. Am J Med, 1965, 38:241-256. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(65)90178-6. [百度学术]
项灿宏, 童翾. 肝门部胆管癌外科治疗的进展与争议[J]. 中国普通外科杂志, 2018, 27(2):137-142. doi: 10.3978/j.issn.1005-6947.2018.02.001. [百度学术]
Xiang CH, Tong X. Surgical treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma: progress and controversy[J]. China Journal of General Surgery, 2018, 27(2):137-142. doi: 10.3978/j.issn.1005-6947.2018.02.001. [百度学术]
Groot Koerkamp B, Wiggers JK, Gonen M, et al. Survival after resection of perihilarcholangiocarcinoma-development and external validation of a prognostic nomogram[J]. Ann Oncol, 2016, 27(4):753. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdw063. [百度学术]
程石, 赵修浩. 肝门部胆管癌术前减黄临床意义[J]. 腹部外科, 2019, 32(5):319-323. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-5591.2019.05.002. [百度学术]
Cheng S, Zhao XH. The clinical implications of preoperative biliary drainage in hilar cholangiocarcinoma patients[J]. Journal of Abdominal Surgery, 2019, 32(5):319-323. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-5591.2019.05.002. [百度学术]
Cholangiocarcinoma Working Group. Italian clinical practice guidelines on cholangiocarcinoma - part Ⅱ: treatment[J]. Dig Liver Dis, 2020, 52(12):1430-1442. doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2020.08.030. [百度学术]
Nagino M, Hirano S, Yoshitomi H, 等. 日本肝胆胰外科协会胆道恶性肿瘤临床管理实践指南2019版英文第三版(第二部分)[J]. 肝胆外科杂志, 2021, 29(5):398-400. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-4761.2021.05.020. [百度学术]
Nagino M, Hirano S, Yoshitomi H, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of biliary tract cancers 2019:The 3rd English edition[J]. Journal of HepatobiliarySurgery, 2021, 29(5):398-400. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-4761.2021.05.020. [百度学术]
Hosokawa I, Shimizu H, Yoshitomi H, et al. Impact of biliary drainage on multidetector-row computed tomography on R0 resection of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma[J]. World J Surg, 2018, 42(11):3676-3684. doi: 10.1007/s00268-018-4654-2. [百度学术]
Kennedy TJ, Yopp A, Qin YL, et al. Role of preoperative biliary drainage of liver remnant prior to extended liver resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma[J]. HPB (Oxford), 2009, 11(5): 445-451. doi: 10.1111/j.1477-2574.2009.00090.x. [百度学术]
Wiggers JK, Groot Koerkamp B, Cieslak KP, et al. Postoperative Mortality after Liver Resection for Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma: Development of a Risk Score and Importance of Biliary Drainage of the Future Liver Remnant[J]. J Am Coll Surg, 2016, 223(2):321-331. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2016.03.035. [百度学术]
胆道肿瘤专家委员会. CSCO 胆道系统肿瘤诊断治疗专家共识(2019 年版)[J]. 临床肿瘤学杂志, 2019, 24(9):828-838. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-0460.2019.09.014. [百度学术]
CSCO Committee of Experts on Biliary Tumors. Expert Consensus on Diagnosis and Treatment of Biliary System Tumors (2019 Edition) [J]. Chinese Clinical Oncology, 2019, 24(9):828-838. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-0460.2019.09.014. [百度学术]
李光辉, 要瞰宇, 赵海平, 等. 术前三种减黄方式对老年Ⅲ~Ⅳ型肝门部胆管癌的疗效分析[J]. 中华普外科手术学杂志. 2019, 13(6):556-559. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-3946.2019.06.006. [百度学术]
Li GH, Yao KY, Zhao HP, et al. Clinical analysis of preoperative biliary drainage for elderly patients with Ⅲ-Ⅳ hilar cholangio-carcinoma[J]. Chinese Journal of OperativeProcedures of General Surgery: Electronic Edition, 2019, 13(6):556-559. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-3946.2019.06.006. [百度学术]
Tang ZW, Yang Y, Meng WB, et al. Best option for preoperative biliary drainage inKlatskin tumor: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Medicine (Baltimore), 2017, 96(43):e8372. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000008372. [百度学术]
van Gulik TM, Kloek JJ, Ruys AT, et al. Multidisciplinary management of hilar cholangiocarcinoma (Klatskin tumor): extended resection is associated with improved survival[J]. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2011, 37(1):65-71. doi: 10.1016/j.ejso.2010.11.008. [百度学术]
陈孝平, 黄志勇, 陈义发, 等. 肝门部胆管癌根治术肝切除范围的合理选择[J]. 中国普通外科杂志, 2013, 22(1):8-9. doi: 10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.2013.01.003. [百度学术]
Chen XP, Huang ZY, Chen YF, et al. Rational extent of hepatic resection in radical surgery for hilar cholangiocarcinoma[J]. China Journal of General Surgery, 2013, 2(1):8-9. doi: 10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.2013.01.003. [百度学术]
Xiong JJ, Nunes QM, Huang W, et al. Major hepatectomy in bismuth types I and IIhilar cholangiocarcinoma[J]. J Surg Res, 2015, 194(1):194-201. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.10.029. [百度学术]
Ikeyama T, Nagino M, Oda K, et al. Surgical approach to bismuth Type Ⅰ and Ⅱ hilar cholangiocarcinomas: audit of 54 consecutive cases[J]. Ann Surg, 2007, 246(6):1052-1057. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e318142d97e. [百度学术]
Lim JH, Choi GH, Choi SH, et al. Liver resection for Bismuth type Ⅰ and Type Ⅱ hilar cholangiocarcinoma[J]. World J Surg, 2013, 37(4):829-837. doi:10.1007/s00268-013-1909-9. [百度学术]
董家鸿, 杨世忠, 冯晓彬. 论围肝门外科[J]. 中国实用外科杂志, 2019, 39(2):110-112. doi:10.19538/j.cjps.issn1005-2208.2019.02.02. [百度学术]
Dong JH, Yang SZ, Feng XB, On perihilar surgery[J]. Chinese Journal of Practical Surgery, 2019, 39(2):110-112. doi:10.19538/j.cjps.issn1005-2208.2019.02.02. [百度学术]
Yang M, Li WW, Chen JH, et al. The value of caudate lobectomy in hilar cholangiocarcinoma treatment: A meta-analysis[J]. Medicine (Baltimore), 2021, 100(7):e24727. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000024727. [百度学术]
Jarnagin WR, Fong Y, DeMatteo RP, et al. Staging, resectability, and outcome in 225 patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma[J]. Ann Surg. 2001; 234(4):507-519. doi:10.1097/00000658-200110000-00010. [百度学术]
Juntermanns B, Kaiser GM, Reis H, et al. Long-term Survival after resection for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma: impact of UICC staging and surgical procedure[J]. Turk J Gastroenterol, 2019, 30(5):454-460. doi: 10.5152/tjg.2019.18275. [百度学术]
Neuhaus P, Jonas S, Settmacher U, et al. Surgical management of proximal bile duct cancer: extended right lobe resection increases resectability and radicality[J]. Langenbecks Arch Surg, 2003, 388(3):194-200. doi:10.1007/s00423-003-0383-5. [百度学术]
DeOliveira ML, Cunningham SC, Cameron JL, et al. Cholangiocarcinoma: thirty-one-year experience with 564 patients at a single institution[J]. Ann Surg, 2007, 245(5):755-762. doi: 10.1097/01.sla.0000251366.62632.d3. [百度学术]
Bagante F, Tran T, Spolverato G, et al. Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma: number of nodes examined and optimal lymph node prognostic scheme[J]. J Am Coll Surg, 2016, 222(5):750-759. doi: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2016.02.012. [百度学术]
Govil S. Liver resection under hypothermic total vascular exclusion[J]. Indian J Gastroenterol, 2013, 32(4):222-226. doi:10.1007/s12664-013-0328-z. [百度学术]
Ramos E. Principles of surgical resection in hilar cholangiocarcinoma[J]. World J Gastrointest Oncol, 2013, 5(7):139-146. doi:10.4251/wjgo.v5.i7.139. [百度学术]
Hemming AW, Reed AI, Fujita S, et al. Surgical management of hilar cholangiocarcinoma[J]. Ann Surg, 2005, 241(5):693-699. doi:10.1097/01.sla.0000160701.38945.82. [百度学术]
Miyazaki M, Kato A, Ito H, et al. Combined vascular resection in operative resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma: does it work or not?[J]. Surgery, 2007, 141(5):581-588. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2006.09.016. [百度学术]
Wang ST, Shen SL, Peng BG, et al. Combined vascular resection and analysis of prognostic factors for hilar cholangiocarcinoma[J]. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int, 2015, 14(6):626-632. doi: 10.1016/s1499-3872(15)60025-x. [百度学术]
Abbas S, Sandroussi C. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the role of vascular resection in the treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma[J]. HPB (Oxford), 2013, 15(7):492-503. doi:10.1111/j.1477-2574.2012.00616.x. [百度学术]
Matsuyama R, Mori R, Ota Y, et al. Significance of Vascular Resection and Reconstruction in Surgery for Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma: With Special Reference to Hepatic Arterial Resection and Reconstruction[J]. Ann Surg Oncol, 2016, 23(Suppl 4):475-484. doi:10.1245/s10434-016-5381-2. [百度学术]
Aoba T, Ebata T, Yokoyama Y, et al. Assessment of nodal status for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma[J]. Ann Surg, 2013, 257(4):718-725. doi: 10.1097/sla.0b013e3182822277. [百度学术]
Mao K, Liu JQ, Sun J, et al. Patterns and prognostic value of lymph node dissectionfor resected perihilar cholangiocarcinoma[J]. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2016, 31(2):417-426. doi: 10.1111/jgh.13072. [百度学术]
Edge S, Byrd DR, Compton CC, et al. American Joint Committee on Cancer(AJCC) Cancer Staging Manual[M]. 7th ed. New York: Springer, 2010. DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-88441-7 [百度学术]
Amin MB, Edge S, Greene F, et al. American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) Cancer Staging Manual[M]. 8th ed. New York: Springer, 2017. [百度学术]
Kitagawa Y, Nagino M, Kamiya J, et al. Lymph node metastasis from hilar cholangiocarcinoma: audit of 110 patients who underwent regional and paraaortic node dissection[J]. Ann Surg. 2001; 233(3):385-392. doi:10.1097/00000658-200103000-00013. [百度学术]
Coelen RJ, Ruys AT, Besselink MG, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of staging laparoscopy for detecting metastasized or locally advanced perihilar cholangiocarcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Surg Endosc, 2016, 30(10):4163-4173. doi:10.1007/s00464-016-4788-y. [百度学术]
腹腔镜肝门部胆管癌根治切除术操作规范专家组, 中华外科杂志编辑部. 腹腔镜肝门部胆管癌根治性切除操作流程专家建议[J]. 中华外科杂志, 2019, 57(8):561-567. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0529-5815.2019.08.001. [百度学术]
Expert Group on Operational Norms of Laparoscopic Radical Resection of Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma, Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Surgery. Expert recommendation for operational norms of laparoscopic radical resection of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma[J]. Chinese Journal of Surgery, 2019, 57(8):561-567. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0529-5815.2019.08.001. [百度学术]
Zhang Y, Dou C, Wu W, et al. Total laparoscopic versus open radical resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma[J]. Surg Endosc, 2020, 34(10):4382-4387. doi:10.1007/s00464-019-07211-0. [百度学术]
Yu H, Wu SD, Chen DX, et al. Laparoscopic resection of Bismuth type Ⅰ and Ⅱ hilar cholangiocarcinoma: an audit of 14 cases from two institutions[J]. Dig Surg, 2011, 28(1):44-49. doi:10.1159/000322398. [百度学术]
徐建, 熊永福, 黄徐建, 等. 腹腔镜肝门部胆管癌根治性切除近期疗效的多中心临床研究[J]. 中华外科杂志, 2020, 58(10):758-764. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112139-20200210-00074. [百度学术]
Xu J, Xiong YF, Huang XJ, et al. A multicenter clinical analysis of short-term efficacy of laparoscopic radical resection of hilar cholangiocarcinoma[J]. Chinese Journal ofSurgery, 2020, 58(10):758-764. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112139-20200210-00074. [百度学术]
Lewis HL, Rahnemai-Azar AA, Dillhoff M, et al. Current Management of Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma and Future Perspectives[J]. Chirurgia (Bucur), 2017, 112(3):193-207. doi:10.21614/chirurgia.112.3.193. [百度学术]
Meyer CG, Penn I, James L. Liver transplantation for cholangiocarcinoma: results in 207 patients[J]. Transplantation, 2000, 69(8):1633-1637. doi:10.1097/00007890-200004270-00019. [百度学术]
Sudan D, DeRoover A, Chinnakotla S, et al. Radiochemotherapy and transplantation allow long-term survival for nonresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma[J]. Am J Transplant,2002, 2(8):774-779. doi:10.1034/j.1600-6143.2002.20812.x. [百度学术]
Gores GJ. Liver transplantation for cholangiocarcinoma[J]. Liver Transpl, 2015, 21(Suppl 1):S32-33. doi:10.1002/lt.24219. [百度学术]
Rea DJ, Heimbach JK, Rosen CB, et al. Liver transplantation with neoadjuvant chemoradiation is more effective than resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma[J]. Ann Surg, 2005, 242(3):451-458. doi:10.1097/01.sla.0000179678.13285.fa. [百度学术]
Darwish Murad S, Kim WR, Harnois DM, et al. Efficacy of neoadjuvant chemoradiation, followed by liver transplantation, for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma at 12 US centers[J]. Gastroenterology, 2012, 143(1):88-98. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.04.008. [百度学术]
Ethun CG, Lopez-Aguiar AG, Anderson DJ, et al. Transplantation Versus Resection for Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma: An Argument for Shifting Treatment Paradigms for Resectable Disease[J]. Ann Surg, 2018, 267(5):797-805. doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000002574. [百度学术]
Croome KP, Rosen CB, Heimbach JK, et al. Is Liver Transplantation Appropriate for Patients with Potentially Resectable De Novo Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma?[J]. J Am Coll Surg, 2015, 221(1):130-139. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2015.01.064. [百度学术]