摘要
胆道恶性肿瘤具有较高的恶性程度,且临床症状不典型,大部分患者发现时已处于中晚期,导致总体预后较差,手术治疗仍然是目前最佳的一种治疗方式。胆道恶性肿瘤容易发生淋巴结及远处转移,从而导致患者失去手术机会以及预后不良。为了降低肿瘤转移及复发的可能,术中往往需要清扫淋巴结,但目前国内外相关指南对于胆道恶性肿瘤淋巴结清扫范围、数目意见尚未统一。因此,笔者结合目前国内外相关指南和文献资料对淋巴结清扫在胆道恶性肿瘤根治术的临床应用进展进行综述。
胆道恶性肿瘤包括胆囊癌(gallbladder cancer,GBC)和胆管癌(cholangiocarcinoma,CC),后者又根据肿瘤所在的位置不同进一步分为肝内CC(intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma,ICC)、肝门部CC(perihilar cholangiocarcinoma,pHCC)以及远端CC(distal cholangiocarcinoma,DCC)。胆道恶性肿瘤早期症状不明显,早期较难发现,且侵袭性较强,大部分患者发现时已经到了中晚期,并且早期就容易发生淋巴结、周围脏器以及远处转移,手术根治率较低。淋巴结转移是影响胆道恶性肿瘤分期及预后的重要因素,因此,胆道恶性肿瘤行手术切除病灶的同时,需要清扫局部淋巴结。然而目前对于各种胆道恶性肿瘤手术行淋巴结清扫的适应证以及淋巴结清扫范围、数量没有统一的认识,如对于GBC淋巴结清扫范围我国指南与美国NCCN指南就存在差别,美国2018版NCCN指南建议GBC手术常规清扫肝门区所有淋巴结,与此不同的是,我国2019版GBC诊断与治疗指南将肝总动脉旁(No.8)、肝固有动脉(No.12a)、胆总管旁(No.12b)、胆囊颈部(No.12c)、肝门部(No.12h)、门静脉后方(No.12p)、胰头后上方(No.13a)淋巴结视为GBC的区域淋巴结,GBC根治术建议清扫上述区域淋巴
GBC虽然总体发病率不高,但是在胆道恶性肿瘤系统中所占比例最大,占其中的80%~95%,在消化道恶性肿瘤中排名第
准确的TNM分期对于GBC手术方式的选择具有指导作用,但是,根据目前现有的检查方法术前评估GBCTNM分期较为困难,临床上鉴别GBC主要的检查方式包括彩色多普勒超声、多排螺旋CT以及磁共振成像MRI等;超声可作为诊断GBC的一种筛查方法,在诊断GBC的准确率也能达80
淋巴结转移是GBC重要的转移方式之一,明确GBC淋巴转移特征为制定手术方案提供了理论基础。Shirai
我国发布的2019版GBC诊断和治疗指
相关研究表明,仅行胆囊切除术的Tis、T1a期GBC患者,术后5年生存率可达100
ICC是发生于肝内胆管上皮细胞(即左右肝管二级分支至末梢)的恶性肿瘤,在整个胆管癌的中发病率约占8%~10%。该肿瘤具有高度侵袭性以及远处转移能力是导致ICC患者预后不良的重要因素。其中,淋巴结转移也是影响ICC患者预后的关键因
术前检测淋巴结转移对于指导ICC手术方式选择及淋巴结清扫范围具有重要作用,但是结合现有的影像学检查方法术前明确ICC淋巴结转移仍然较困难。术前评估淋巴结转移的检测方法主要包括超声、多排螺旋CT、磁共振MRI及PET/CT检查。CT评估淋巴结转移的敏感性占40%~50%,特异性占77%~92
日本肝癌学会根据ICC所在肝脏部位不同,把ICC区域淋巴结分为3站,若病变位于左半肝,第1站包括贲门右(No.1)、贲门左(No.3)以及肝十二指肠韧带(No.12)旁淋巴结,第2站包括胃左动脉(No.7)、肝总动脉(No.8)、腹腔动脉(No.9)、胰头后(No.13)淋巴结,第3站包括肠系膜上动静脉根部(No.14)、腹主动脉旁(No.16)淋巴结;若病变位于右肝,第1站包括肝十二指肠韧带(No.12),第2站包括胃左动脉(No.7)、肝总动脉(No.8)、腹腔动脉(No.9)、胰头后(No.13)淋巴结,第3站包括贲门右(No.1)、贲门左(No.3)、肠系膜上动静脉根部(No.14)、腹主动脉旁(No.16)淋巴
对于术前检查明确伴有淋巴结转移的ICC患者,是否失去了手术机会,手术治疗的价值和术中是否有清扫淋巴结的必要,目前在国内和国外具有相当大的争议,也没有统一的认识。相关研究表明,ICC的淋巴结转移存在特殊性,ICC一旦出现了淋巴结转移,通常不仅限于第1站。Shimada
ICC预后较差,根治性手术结合多学科诊疗能有效改善患者的长期生存。淋巴结转移不仅影响ICC患者预后,而且对手术方案的制定有较大影响。然而术前淋巴结转移的情况准确判断也是临床上较为棘手的问题,且目前对于ICC淋巴结清扫价值研究也比较局限,存在较大偏倚,因此对规范淋巴结清扫带来困难,未来可进一步行多中心研究ICC淋巴结清扫的价值,以及探索灵敏性较高的淋巴结检查方法,这对于明确淋巴结清扫的适应证及范围具有重要作用。
pHCC是指左右肝管二级分支与肝总管之间的胆管细胞发生的恶性肿瘤,大部分患者主要以腹痛、黄疸等症状就诊,在所有胆管癌中的发病率占50%~60
超声检查可以评估pHCC胆管扩张程度,但对血管侵犯以及淋巴结转移的敏感度不
在AJCC第8
Bismuth-Corlette分型为临床上常用的pHCC分型,该分型包括I、II、III及IV型,可通过肿瘤所侵犯胆管的部位来鉴别,这对于指导手术方案的制订具有重要意义。只有少数Bismuth I型、无淋巴结转移及肿瘤分化较高的pHCC患者行单纯性肝外胆管可达到R0切除,其他分型都应行半肝和尾状叶切除,必要时扩大肝切除范围,同时清扫No.8、12、13a区域淋巴结,腹主动脉旁(No.16)淋巴结转移视为发生了远处转移,不建议手术治
DCC是指胆囊管与胆总管汇合处以下的恶性肿瘤,病理分型以腺癌居多,临床上较为少见,但有较强的侵袭性,预后欠佳。相关研究表明,淋巴结转移是影响DCC患者术后远期生存的重要因素,淋巴结阳性患者术后中位生存时间为55.5个月,而淋巴结阴性患者术后中位生存时间为27.5个
超声是诊断DCC首选的筛查方式,能评估肿瘤与梗阻的部位,并且能够鉴别胆管结石等良性病变。与超声相比,CT诊断DCC准确率更高,并且能够评估淋巴结受累情况,能够初步评估肿瘤的分期。MRI和MRCP的联合运用能够对肿瘤的原发病灶显示更为清楚,有利于判断T分期,并且评估淋巴结转移也更具有优
目前DCC淋巴结分期仍推荐使用日本肝胆胰协会建立的分期系统,区域淋巴结包括肝十二指肠韧带、肝总动脉、胰十二指肠前方和后方以及肠系膜上动脉根部淋巴结。N分期将按照区域淋巴结转移数量划分为N1和N2,N1为1~3枚淋巴结,>4枚为N2,除了区域淋巴结以外的淋巴结转移视为远处转
DCC由于恶性程度高,通常就诊时已处于晚期,治疗效果欠佳,影响DCC切除术后生存预后的独立危险因素包括肿瘤TNM分期及淋巴结转
总的来说,淋巴结转移是导致胆道恶性肿瘤预后不良的一种重要因素,术前及术中对淋巴结分期的评估对于指导淋巴结清扫范围具有重要作用,但术前影像学检测方法淋巴结检出率仍存在较大误差,不能提供准确的分期,术中可通过常规行淋巴结冷冻活检评估淋巴结转移范围,同时有必要进行多中心临床研究,进一步来明确胆道恶性肿瘤淋巴结清扫的适应证及范围,制定规范的诊疗方式,这将有助于提高患者的生存预后。
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