摘要
手术为治疗大隐静脉曲张(GSV)有效措施,传统交通支静脉结扎术虽疗效肯定,但创伤较大,并发症多,且术后复发率高,增加二次治疗风险。腔镜深筋膜下交通支静脉离断术(SEPS)、激光闭合术(EVLT)为新型的治疗手术,各具优势,本研究探讨EVLT与SEPS联合治疗GSV的临床效果,以期为临床治疗选择提供参考。
选取2018年6月—2019年10月承德医学院附属医院收治的78例GSV患者,依据简单随机数字表法分为研究组与对照组,各39例。研究组采取SEPS+EVLT,对照组采取传统交通支静脉结扎术+EVLT。比较两组手术情况、创伤定量指标水平、生活质量、并发症发生率以及疾病复发率。
术前两组间一般资料、术前创伤定量指标与生活质量评分差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。研究组手术时间、住院时间短于对照组,术中失血量、住院费用少于对照组,下肢瘀斑面积、切口长度小于对照组(均P<0.05);研究组术后24、72 h血清丙二醛、一氧化氮、IL-6水平均低于对照组,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶水平高于对照组(均P<0.05)。术后1周研究组精神心理、体能、社会活动、疼痛评分均优于对照组(均P<0.05);研究组并发症发生率低于对照组(2.56% vs. 20.51%,P<0.05);研究组术后12个月疾病复发率低于对照组(5.56% vs. 26.47%,P<0.05)。
关键词
大隐静脉曲张(great saphenous vein varices,GSV)是常见下肢血管病变,其主要病因为深静脉瓣膜不能完全闭合,或局部静脉管腔增宽,引起下肢静脉血液倒流,影响静脉瓣膜关闭功
选取2018年6月—2019年10月承德医学院附属医院收治的78例GSV患者进行前瞻性对照研究,依据简单随机数字表法分为研究组与对照组,各39例。两组年龄、性别、体质量指数(BMI)、下肢静脉曲张分级(clinical,etiology,anatomic,pathophysiologic classification system,CEAP)、侧别、静脉临床严重程度评分、病程均衡可比(均P>0.05)(
资料 | 研究组 | 对照组 | t/ | P |
---|---|---|---|---|
性别[n(%)] | ||||
男 | 21(53.85) | 22(56.41) | 0.052 | 0.820 |
女 | 18(46.15) | 17(43.59) | ||
年龄(岁,) | 54.69±7.24 | 55.51±8.07 | 0.472 | 0.638 |
BMI(kg/m²,) | 22.84±1.87 | 23.10±2.15 | 0.626 | 0.533 |
CEAP分级[n(%)] | ||||
C4 | 11(28.21) | 10(25.64) | 0.210 | 0.901 |
C5 | 20(51.28) | 22(56.41) | ||
C6 | 8(20.51) | 7(17.95) | ||
侧别[n(%)] | ||||
左 | 20(51.28) | 18(46.15) | 0.205 | 0.651 |
右 | 19(48.72) | 21(53.85) | ||
静脉临床严重程度评分() | 14.09±1.93 | 14.35±2.06 | 0.575 | 0.567 |
病程(年,) | 3.41±1.09 | 3.53±1.16 | 0.471 | 0.639 |
纳入标准:⑴ 均符合《下肢静脉曲张的诊断与治疗
采取传统交通支静脉结扎术+EVLT。术前行下肢静脉顺行造影,标记病变穿通静脉及曲张浅静脉。连续硬膜外麻醉,平卧位,常规消毒铺巾,传统交通支静脉结扎术采用改良Linton术式,由标记处直接切开深筋膜,暴露和结扎小腿交通支静脉;自腹股沟韧带中点下方2 cm处沿皮纹作横行切口(长约3 cm),切开皮肤及皮下组织,以卵圆窝为中点,对浅筋膜行顺皮纹切开,分离并固定大隐静脉主干,逐一结扎、切断其主要属支,穿刺患肢内踝大隐静脉(16号套管针),退出针芯,置入超滑导丝,将5 F导管顺行插入(至大隐静脉主干全程),拔出导丝,置入专用激光光纤(600 μm),功率12 W,脉冲与间隔时间均为1 s,一边发射激光,一边将光纤持续缓慢后退(0.5~1.0 cm/s)。同时沿大隐静脉走向,在光纤尖端灯光闪烁指导下加压,使大隐静脉塌陷闭合;对于属支曲张静脉可多点穿刺,直接导入激光光纤进行烧灼。
采取SEPS+EVLT。术前行下肢静脉顺行造影,标记病变穿通静脉及曲张浅静脉。连续硬膜外麻醉,平卧位,常规消毒铺巾,取胫骨粗隆内侧旁开4 cm作一横行切口(1.5 cm),分离皮下组织至深筋膜。将内镜置于深筋膜和肌层之间,筋膜下CO2充气,压力12 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)。于第一切口下方3 cm,内侧4 cm作第二切口。屏幕监视下,交刺鞘置入同一间隙,采用分离钳对深筋膜下疏松结缔组织作钝性分离。分离穿通静脉,粗大穿通静脉采用0号可吸收线结扎近远端后烧灼切断;细小穿通静脉电凝烧灼切断。退出内镜,间断缝合2个切口,浅表曲张静脉采用EVLT术。方法同对照组。
两组术后均抗生素治疗2~3 d,用弹力绷带加压包扎l~2周,去除绷带后改穿弹力袜维持6个月。
围术期情况,包括:手术时长、术中失血量、切口长度、下肢瘀斑面积、住院时间、住院费用等内容。术前与术后24、72 h检测对比两组创伤定量指标,包括:谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、一氧化氮(NO)、白介素6(IL-6)。术前及术后1周生活质量,采用慢性静脉功能不全问卷评价,包括精神心理、体能、社会活动、疼痛4个维度,共20个问题,1~5级评分,分数越高,生活质量越好。并发症发生率(并发症包括隐神经损伤、患肢疼痛、皮下血肿、切口愈合不良、下肢深静脉血栓、发热等)。采用电话形式于术后每月进行1次电话随访,连续随访12个月,统计疾病复发率。
研究组手术时间、住院时间短于对照组,术中失血量、住院费用少于对照组,下肢瘀斑面积、切口长度小于对照组(均P<0.05)(
指标 | 研究组 | 对照组 | t | P |
---|---|---|---|---|
手术时间(min) | 50.69±7.34 | 62.26±9.68 | 5.948 | <0.001 |
术中失血量(mL) | 9.33±2.38 | 16.03±4.09 | 8.842 | <0.001 |
切口长度(cm) | 5.37±1.21 | 9.39±2.64 | 8.645 | <0.001 |
下肢瘀斑面积(c | 5.13±1.10 | 8.69±1.63 | 11.306 | <0.001 |
住院时间(d) | 7.98±1.34 | 11.04±1.51 | 9.466 | <0.001 |
住院费用(元) | 9 136.45±1 718.02 | 11 135.03±2 014.37 | 4.714 | <0.001 |
术前两组间血清GSH-Px、MDA、SOD、NO、IL-6水平差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05),术后24、72 h两组血清MDA、NO、IL-6水平较术前增高,GSH-Px、SOD水平较术前降低,但研究组血清MDA、NO、IL-6水平低于对照组,GSH-Px、SOD水平高于对照组(均P<0.05)(
项目 | 术前 | 术后24 h | 术后72 h | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
研究组 | 对照组 | t | P | 研究组 | 对照组 | t | P | 研究组 | 对照组 | t | P | |||
GSH-Px(U/mL) | 4.56±0.89 | 4.62±0.93 | 0.291 | 0.772 |
1.91±0.1 |
0.95±0.1 | 24.214 | <0.001 |
3.32±0.3 |
2.06±0.3 | 15.794 | <0.001 | ||
MDA(U/mL) | 2.18±0.44 | 2.22±0.46 | 0.392 | 0.696 |
4.22±0.7 |
6.11±0.8 | 10.429 | <0.001 |
3.10±0.3 |
4.26±0.5 | 10.615 | <0.001 | ||
SOD(U/mL) | 147.89±15.53 | 150.68±14.02 | 0.833 | 0.408 |
128.64±11.3 |
101.53±12.1 | 10.173 | <0.001 |
139.64±15.5 |
121.70±13.2 | 5.492 | <0.001 | ||
IL-6(ng/L) | 80.68±10.69 | 79.69±11.23 | 0.399 | 0.691 |
105.54±11.3 |
122.67±10.9 | 6.780 | <0.001 |
85.97±9.1 |
96.59±12.2 | 4.338 | <0.001 | ||
NO(umol/L) | 69.61±9.33 | 70.64±10.22 | 0.465 | 0.643 |
82.34±10.7 |
120.34±14.2 | 13.309 | <0.001 |
73.33±8.9 |
92.66±10.3 | 8.829 | <0.001 |
注: 1)与本组术前比较,P<0.05
Notes: 1) P<0.05 vs. the preoperative value of the same group
术前两组间精神心理、体能、社会活动、疼痛评分差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05),术后1周两组精神心理、体能、社会活动、疼痛评分较术前增高,且研究组高于对照组(均P<0.05)(
项目 | 术前 | 术后1周 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
研究组 | 对照组 | t | P | 研究组 | 对照组 | t | P | |
精神心理 | 25.21±3.29 | 24.64±3.50 | 0.741 | 0.461 |
39.06±4.1 |
32.69±3.7 | 7.123 | <0.001 |
体能 | 7.98±1.97 | 8.05±2.02 | 0.155 | 0.877 |
15.20±3.0 |
12.64±2.9 | 3.787 | <0.001 |
社会活动 | 7.79±1.56 | 7.96±1.61 | 0.474 | 0.637 |
12.45±2.1 |
10.03±1.9 | 5.197 | <0.001 |
疼痛 | 9.33±1.82 | 8.99±1.79 | 0.832 | 0.408 |
17.11±2.0 |
14.36±2.1 | 5.783 | <0.001 |
注: 1)与本组术前比较,P<0.05
Notes: 1) P<0.05 vs. the preoperative value of the same group
研究组并发症发生率低于对照组(2.56% vs. 20.51%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)(
项目 | 研究组 | 对照组 | P | |
---|---|---|---|---|
隐神经损伤 | 1(2.56) | 1(2.56) | — | — |
患肢疼痛 | 0(0.00) | 1(2.56) | — | — |
皮下血肿 | 0(0.00) | 3(7.69) | — | — |
切口愈合不良 | 0(0.00) | 1(2.56) | — | — |
下肢深静脉血栓 | 0(0.00) | 1(2.56) | — | — |
发热 | 0(0.00) | 1(2.56) | — | — |
总发生率 | 1(2.56) | 8(20.51) | 4.522 | 0.034 |
两组术后均随访12个月,观察组失访3例,对照组失访5例。术后3、6、9个月两组间疾病复发率差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05),术后12个月,研究组疾病复发率低于对照组(5.56% vs. 26.47%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)(
时间 | 研究组 | 对照组 | P | |
---|---|---|---|---|
术后3个月 | 0(0.00) | 1(2.94) | — | 0.486 |
术后6个月 | 1(2.78) | 3(8.82) | 0.330 | 0.566 |
术后9个月 | 2(5.56) | 6(17.65) | 1.472 | 0.225 |
术后12个月 | 2(5.56) | 9(26.47) | 5.775 | 0.016 |
GSV是血管外科最常见疾病,主要病理表现为下肢血流回流障
交通支静脉瓣膜功能不全是GSV发病及复发的关键因
本研究也发现,SEPS联合EVLT治疗在改善手术情况、促进术后恢复、降低并发症发生率。提高生活质量方面也具有明显优势。与传统交通支静脉结扎术相比,SEPS微创优势在于:⑴ 切口小,减少切口并发症,且远离病变皮肤,改善下肢外观;⑵ 深筋膜下间隙均采用钝性分离,损伤小;⑶ 手术操作在驱血状态下进行,并精确定位筋膜下间隙内的交通支静脉,缩短手术时间;⑷ 小腿往往存在大量瓣膜功能不全的交通静脉,导致足靴区明显的淤血症状;此术式可彻底离断交通静脉,降低下肢瘀斑面积,且利于溃疡迅速愈
创伤定量指标是有创性治疗方式的重要参考方面,可直观反映治疗过程中及治疗后机体应激程度与恢复效
笔者认为,SEPS联合EVLT治疗GSV有其无可比拟的优势,另外,SEPS主要适用于严重慢性静脉功能不全,即CEAP分级4级及以上,包括C4(皮肤色素沉着)、C5(愈合后的溃疡)、C6(活动性溃疡)患者;而对皮肤病变较轻或无皮肤营养障碍性表现的病例则无需施行SEPS。
综上可知,SEPS联合EVLT治疗GSV患者,具有创伤小、手术时间短、术后恢复快、并发症少、住院费用低等优势,可降低创伤定量指标水平,减少下肢瘀斑面积,提高生活质量。本研究不足之处在于,病例选取及样本量有一定局限性,有待更多中心、大样本前瞻性随机对照试验进一步验证。
利益冲突
所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
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