摘要
超声引导下腘静脉穿刺是下肢静脉腔内手术的常用入路之一,目前多是采用俯卧位,但长时间的俯卧位手术会让患者感觉不适。因此,本研究探讨采用仰卧位在超声引导下穿刺腘静脉的可行性,并比较采取仰卧位和俯卧位两种方法的优劣。
共纳入27例患者,其中仰卧位组14例(16条肢体),俯卧位组13例(16条肢体)。两组患者的基线资料及病变静脉处理方法差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。仰卧位穿刺腘静脉所用的操作时间与俯卧位穿刺腘静脉所用的操作时间差异无统计学意义[3.7(3.4~6.2)min vs. 4.2(3.5~4.4)min,P>0.05]。仰卧位组的VAS评分明显低于俯卧位组[2.0(1.0~2.8)vs. 6.0(4.0~8.0),P<0.01]。仰卧位组有1例术后腘动脉分支出血,经过超声引导下压迫动脉破口后成功治愈。
下肢静脉通路的建立是静脉疾病腔内治疗的重要手术步骤。当前大部分文
将复旦大学附属中山医院厦门医院2019年7月—2019年11月收治的髂静脉狭窄性疾病患者随机分为仰卧位组和俯卧位组。病例纳入标准:⑴ 符合非血栓性髂静脉病变(non-thrombotic iliac vein lesions,NIVL)或下肢静脉血栓后遗症(post-thrombotic syndrome,PTS)的诊断标准;⑵ 均为我院收治患者,并在我院进行相关检查与治疗;⑶ 符合超声引导下经腘静脉穿刺的条件。病例排除标准包括:⑴ 超声引导下经腘静脉穿刺禁忌证者;⑵ 妊娠期或哺乳期妇女;⑶ 意识障碍或有精神疾病史者;⑷ 合并严重的心、肺、肝、肾等重要脏器功能衰竭,不能耐受手术;⑸ 有抗凝禁忌。总共纳入27例患者(共32条患肢),其中仰卧位组16条患肢,俯卧位组16条患肢。仰卧位组包括男性7例、女性7例,其中有2例患者双侧下肢均接受了手术,年龄45~89岁,平均年龄(65.6±12.8)岁,平均体质量指数(BMI)(24.0±2.9)kg/
项目 | 仰卧位组 (n=16) | 俯卧位组 (n=16) | t/ | P |
---|---|---|---|---|
性别[n(%)] | ||||
男 | 8(50.0) | 6(37.5) | 0.508 | 0.476 |
女 | 8(50.0) | 10(62.5) | ||
年龄(岁,) | 65.6±12.8 | 62.8±8.3 | 0.737 | 0.467 |
穿刺下肢[n(%)] | ||||
左 | 11(68.8) | 10(62.5) | 0.139 | 0.710 |
右 | 5(31.2) | 6(37.5) | ||
BMI(kg/ | 24.0±2.9 | 26.1±3.9 | -1.712 | 0.097 |
CEAP分级[n(%)] | ||||
C3 | 4(25.0) | 9(56.3) | ||
C4 | 7(43.8) | 4(25.0) | 3.884 | 0.274 |
C5 | 4(25.0) | 3(18.7) | ||
C6 | 1(6.2) | 0(0.0) | ||
病变类型[n(%)] | ||||
NIVL | 14(87.5) | 14(87.5) | 0.001 | 1.000 |
PTS | 2(12.5) | 2(12.5) |
注: 按患肢数计数
Notes: According to the number of affected limbs
腘静脉穿刺操作均由同一组血管外科医师完成。超声引导下仰卧位腘静脉穿刺术包括以下步骤(以平面外超声引导下穿刺为例):⑴ 患者采取仰卧位,手术侧下肢轻度外展、外旋,膝关节屈曲,使大腿与小腿之间夹角呈大约135°,并且于足跟部垫高,使膝部悬空,高度达腘窝高于床面约6 cm,以能容纳超声探头于腘窝正下方有足够的操作空间为宜(

图1 仰卧位超声引导穿刺腘静脉时患肢摆放方法 A:示意图;B:术中实际情况
Figure 1 Placement method of affected limb for the ultrasound-guided popliteal vein puncture in a supine position A: Schematic illustration; B: Actually view during operation

图2 仰卧位超声引导穿刺腘静脉的操作方法 A:穿刺时的手法;B:穿刺针穿刺的角度;C:穿刺过程中可见腘静脉的凹陷征;D:选择避开腘动脉的角度穿刺;E:穿刺成功可见针尾有静脉血流出
Figure 2 Procedure of the ultrasound-guided popliteal vein puncture in a supine position A: Hand's maneuver for puncture; B: Angle and direction of puncture needle; C: Depression sign of the popliteal vein during puncture; D: Selecting a puncturing angle to keep away from the popliteal artery; E: Venous blood coming out from the needle end after successful puncture
超声引导下俯卧位腘静脉穿刺术的步骤:患者采取俯卧位,左手持超声探头于腘窝处,使探头与腘窝之间夹角为90°,右手持微穿刺针于探头远心端进针,进针角度与超声探头之间夹角约45°,针头斜面朝向头端,缓慢进针,其余操作同上述⑶步骤的操作。
记录每次穿刺过程所需的时间,从微穿刺针穿刺开始计时,包括局部麻醉、置入4 F导管鞘,到置入5 F短鞘为止。使用视觉模拟评分法(visual analogue score,VAS),每个分值配有相应的表情图案,有利于患者理解并给出准确的评分。于术后请患者对手术过程中的感受进行评分,分值从0~10分,分值越高代表不适感越强。
仰卧位组有8例患肢行下肢静脉球囊扩张成形术,有6例患肢行支架置入术,其中有2例置入1枚支架,有4例置入2枚支架;俯卧位组有6例患肢行球囊扩张成形术,有4例行支架置入术,4例均置入2枚支架。两组以上指标差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)(
仰卧位组(n=16) | 俯卧位组(n=16) | P | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
球囊扩张成形 | ||||
是 | 8(50.0) | 6(37.5) | 0.508 | 0.476 |
否 | 8(50.0) | 10(62.5) | ||
置入支架 | ||||
是 | 6(37.5) | 4(25.0) | 0.582 | 0.446 |
否 | 10(62.5) | 12(75.0) | ||
置入支架的数目(个) | ||||
1 | 2(12.5) | 0(0.0) | 1.667 | 0.197 |
2 | 4(25.0) | 4(25.0) |
注: 按患肢数计数
Notes: According to the number of affected limbs
仰卧位组的穿刺操作时间为3.7(3.4~6.2)min,俯卧位组的穿刺操作时间为4.2(3.5~4.4)min。仰卧位组的穿刺操作时间与俯卧位组相比,差异无统计学意义(Z=-0.264,P=0.792)。仰卧位组的患者VAS评分为2.0(1.0~2.8),俯卧位组的患者VAS评分为6.0(4.0~8.0),仰卧位组的VAS分值明显低于俯卧位组(Z=-4.737,P<0.01)(
指标 | 仰卧位组 | 俯卧位组 | Z | P |
---|---|---|---|---|
穿刺操作时间(min) | 3.7(3.4~6.2) | 4.2(3.5~4.4) | -0.264 | 0.792 |
穿刺术中VAS评分 | 2.0(1.0~2.8) | 6.0(4.0~8.0) | -4.737 | <0.01 |
本研究揭示,与俯卧位穿刺腘静脉方法相比,采取仰卧位穿刺腘静脉的方法改善了患者的术中感受,而且并没有耗费更多的手术操作时间。俯卧位穿刺腘静脉的不足之处在于患者感觉不舒适,难以忍受较长时间的手术。特别是下肢深静脉血栓的患者,需先采取仰卧位经对侧股静脉或颈静脉穿刺置入下腔静脉滤器,再改变体位为俯卧位进行腘静脉穿刺置
使用超声引导的优势在于可以明确地分辨出腘动脉和腘静脉,因此在穿刺过程中可以采取避开腘动脉的穿刺角度,从而尽可能地降低误穿入腘动脉的风险。一旦误穿腘动脉,可能造成血肿、假性动脉瘤、动静脉瘘。对于下肢深静脉血栓需要置管溶栓的患者更需要在彩超引导下穿刺,因为可以提高一期穿刺成功率,避免反复穿刺以及减少由此产生的溶栓期间血肿、术中及术后出血的风险。
笔者总结了一些提高仰卧位穿刺腘静脉成功率的方法。以超声平面外穿刺为例,当患肢足部垫高(使腘窝距离床面约6 cm),大腿、小腿之间的内夹角为135°、超声探头与大腿、小腿之间的夹角为67.5°时,超声显示腘静脉位于屏幕中线处时,微穿刺针于超声探头中线处、偏离远心端约3 cm处、与小腿长轴呈45°进针时,大概率可在超声屏幕上看到穿刺针的针头的闪亮回声,以及腘静脉在穿刺时的凹陷,可以清晰地显示整个穿刺过程。术者可以在彩超引导下选择避开腘动脉的角度进行穿刺(

图3 超声显示腘静脉周围可能围绕着腘动脉分支 A:超声2D图像显示腘静脉周围存在小血管,有明显搏动;B:彩色多普勒超声显示腘静脉周围存在腘动脉分支
Figure 3 Ultrasound showing the branches of the popliteal artery possibly wrapping around the popliteal vein A: Ultrasonic 2D image showing small vessels around the popliteal vein with evident pulsation; B: Color Doppler ultrasound showing the branches of the popliteal artery around the popliteal vein
穿刺腘静脉的不足之处在于,存在损伤腘动脉分支的风险。在腘静脉周围可能存在腘动脉的分支(
综上所述,在下肢静脉疾病的腔内手术中,仰卧位下穿刺腘静脉的方法相比于俯卧位下穿刺腘静脉明显减轻了患者的不适感,而且不需花费更多的操作时间,不需在手术过程中再次改变体位,操作方法简便、可行、安全,是一项值得在临床推广的新的穿刺方法。
利益冲突
所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
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