摘要
年龄与乳腺癌的发病、肿瘤生物学行为及预后密切相关,是临床决策的重要参考因素。不同年龄反映了患者的不同生理状态,由于三阴性乳腺癌(TNBC)缺失激素受体属于激素非依赖性,年龄是否影响该类患者的诊疗决策和预后有待研究。本研究旨在探讨诊断年龄与TNBC患者临床病理特征、治疗策略及预后的关系。
从美国SEER数据库中提取2010—2016年经病理诊断为I~III期的TNBC患者的病例资料,根据患者乳腺癌的诊断年龄将病例划分为18~39岁、40~49岁、50~59岁、60~69岁及≥70岁5组,比较各年龄组间的临床病理特征及治疗差异,采用多因素Cox比例风险模型分析年龄与患者的乳腺癌特异生存(BCSS)的关系并计算风险比(HR)和95%置信区间(CI)。
30 576例TNBC纳入分析,中位年龄57岁(IQR:48~67岁),其中18~39岁3 007例(9.83%)、40~49岁6 071例(19.86%)、50~59岁8 097例(26.48%)、60~69岁7 176例(23.47%)和≥70岁6 225例(20.36%)。各年龄组患者间的诊断年份、种族、婚姻状态、肿瘤TNM分期、病理类型、组织学分级、手术治疗及是否放化疗的分布差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。随着诊断年龄的增加,肿瘤T分期和N分期呈现降低,组织学分级更好,治疗保乳率更高而化疗率更低。中位随访32个月(IQR:15~54个月),乳腺癌相关死亡3 482例(11.39%),各年龄段患者间的BCSS率差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。单因素Cox比例风险模型分析结果显示,患者的诊断年龄、种族、婚姻状态、肿瘤T分期、淋巴结分期、肿瘤TNM分期、病理类型、组织学分级、手术治疗及放疗与BCSS明显有关(均P<0.05),化疗与BCSS无明显关系(P=0.284)。多因素Cox模型的校正分析结果显示,18~39岁(HR=1.00,95% CI=0.88~1.13,P=0.990)、40~49岁(HR=0.95,95% CI=0.85~1.06,P=0.330)和50~59岁(HR=1.03,95% CI=0.93~1.14,P=0.597)患者的BCSS与60~69岁患者比较差异无统计学意义,而年龄≥70岁患者的BCSS较60~69岁患者差(HR=1.56,95% CI=1.41~1.74,P<0.001)。在不同诊断年份、TNM分期、手术方式和放化疗状态的亚组人群中,年龄与BCSS的关系基本相似。
Chinese Journal of General Surgery, 2021, 30(11):1285-1293.
乳腺癌是女性最常见恶性肿瘤,发病率和病死率均位居女性恶性肿瘤首位,严重危害女性身心健
美国癌症监测、流行病学和最终结果(the Surveillance,Epidemiology,and End Results,SEER)数据库是美国国立癌症研究所1973 年建立的北美最具代表性的大型肿瘤登记数据库之一,包括18个登记站收集了覆盖约28%美国人口癌症患者的诊疗数据和随访数据,申请权限后可免费获
通过SEER*Stat(8.3.9版)软件提取美国SEER数据库(https://seer.cancer.gov)中符合以下纳入标准病例:⑴ 诊断年份为2010—2016年;⑵ 诊断年龄≥18岁;⑶ 性别女;⑷ 病理诊断为乳腺癌;⑸ 单侧性肿瘤⑹ 乳腺癌为唯一肿瘤;⑺ 分子亚型为TNBC。符合以下任意一条的病例予以排除:⑴ ICD-O-3编码≥8 800/3的其他乳房恶性肿瘤;⑵ 病理类型为原位癌;⑶ 肿瘤TNM分期为IV期或分期未知;⑷ 乳房手术情况未知;⑸ 无随访数据。最终30 576例患者符合要求纳入分析。
提取所有病例的诊断年份、诊断年龄、种族、婚姻状况、肿瘤位置、病灶大小、病理类型、组织学分级、肿瘤TNM分期、ER状态、PR状态、HER-2状态、分子分型、淋巴结转移数、淋巴结清扫数、外科手术方式、是否化疗、是否放疗、生存时间及生存结局等资料。采用第7版美国癌症联合会(American Joint Committee on Cancer,AJCC)乳腺癌TNM分期系统对病例进行肿瘤分
根据患者乳腺癌诊断年龄将病例划分为18~39岁、40~49岁、50~59岁、60~69岁及≥70岁5组。计量资料以中位数及四分位间距(interquartile range,IQR)进行统计描述。患者临床病理特征均转换为分类资料,采用率(%)进行统计描述,各年龄组间比较采用
30 576例患者纳入分析,中位年龄57岁(IQR:48~67岁),其中18~39岁3 007例(9.83%)、40~49岁6 071例(19.86%)、50~59岁8 097例(26.48%)、60~69岁7 176例(23.47%)和≥70岁6 225例(20.36%)。各年龄组患者间的诊断年份、种族、婚姻状态、肿瘤TNM分期、病理类型、组织学分级、手术治疗及是否放化疗的分布差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)(
中位随访32个月(IQR:15~54个月),乳腺癌相关死亡3 482例(11.39%)。各年龄段患者诊断后1~5年的BCSS率见表
根据患者的临床病理特征将病例划分为不同亚组,以60~69岁年龄段作为参照基线(HR=1)采用多因素Cox模型分析其他年龄段对患者BCSS的影响。在所有不同诊断年份、肿瘤分期、手术质量及放化疗状态的亚组病例中,年龄≥70岁患者的BCSS均较60~69岁患者差(均P<0.05)(

图1 不同临床病理特征及治疗亚组患者各年龄段较60~69岁患者BCSS的HR 1) P<0.05
Figure 1 HR of BCSS compared to 60-69 years group of subgroups of TNBC patients with different clinicopathologic features and treatments 1) P<0.05
Log-rank检验结果显示,各年龄组患者间的BCSS差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)(

图2 不同年龄段TNBC的BCSS曲线 A:全部患者;B:III期患者;C:无化疗患者
Figure 2 BCSS curves of different age groups of TNBC patients A: Total patients; B: Stage III patients; C: Patients without chemotherapy
乳腺癌患者的患病年龄一定程度可反映了肿瘤的发病病因、生物学特性及预后,然而年龄与不同乳腺癌亚型间的关系并不相同。本研究利用SEER数据库的大样本数据分析年龄与TNBC亚型患者的肿瘤特征、治疗和预后的关系,结果显示随着患者诊断年龄的增加,肿瘤分期和组织学分级呈现降低,而治疗上保乳率更高、化疗率更低;生存分析结果提示相比60~69岁患者,年龄≥70岁患者的BCSS更差,而18~39岁、40~49岁和50~59岁年龄段患者的BCSS与之相似。
TNBC亚型在所有乳腺癌中占比约为12%~17%,较其他亚型具有侵袭性更强、易发生远处转移及预后更差的特点,治疗以局部手术、放疗和全身化疗为
尽管本组数据中可见高龄(≥70岁)患者的肿瘤分期较年轻患者更早、肿瘤生物学行为更好,然而经多因素校正后高龄患者的乳腺癌死亡风险较其他年龄段患者高,且不受患者肿瘤分期和治疗方案的影响。由于临床试验入组患者中高龄人群占比很低,甚至部分研究将高龄患者排除在外,因此缺乏针对高龄TNBC的诊疗证
综上所述,在TNBC进行临床决策时不应过度强调年龄的影响,以避免对年轻患者给予过于强化的治疗方案,而对老年患者避免过于保守导致治疗不足。由于本研究为癌症登记数据库回顾性分析,不可避免存在一定病例的选择性偏倚,此外数据库病例未能获得更为详尽的病理信息(如Ki-67等)、治疗信息及复发、转移数据,限制了数据更为充分的分析。尽管存有一定局限性,本组大样本病例分析为评价年龄对TNBC患者预后的影响提供参考,有助于临床对不同年龄TNBC患者的管理。
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