摘要
中国女性乳腺癌发病年龄早,保乳手术和乳腺切除术后乳房重建是避免乳腺癌患者失去乳房的合理选择。近年来保乳整形术式的推广使得小乳房患者保乳术后仍能维持较好外形。使用假体联合钛网补片(TiLoop Bra)的乳房重建技术相对简单,便于推广,也能在乳房全切后较好重塑乳房外形。本研究通过回顾性分析评估两种方法在手术效果与满足患者术后美观需求方面的优劣,以期为临床决策提供参考。
回顾性分析2019年1月—2021年10月在中南大学湘雅医院乳腺外科接受以上两种手术的早期乳腺癌患者资料,其中接受保乳整形手术(保乳组)与保留乳头乳晕皮下腺体切除加假体联合补片一期乳房重建手术(乳房重建组)的患者各40例。收集患者的基本临床病理特征信息,两组的手术时间、术后留置引流管时间、术后住院时间、住院费用以及手术相关并发症等信息,使用Breast-Q量表评估患者术后满意度。
保乳组在手术时间、术后留置引流管时间、术后住院时间以及住院费用上均明显优于乳房重建组(均P<0.001)。乳房重建组乳头麻木的发生率明显高于保乳组(P<0.001);乳房重建组发生皮瓣坏死4例,保乳组无皮瓣坏死发生,但差异无统计学意义(P=0.079);两组间血肿、切口感染、脂肪坏死和组织挛缩的发生率差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。两组患者的心理健康、身体健康、性健康及对乳房外形的满意度差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。
近年来,无论是在欧美还是在中国,乳腺癌保乳手术和乳腺切除术后乳房重建的比例均越来越
乳腺癌保乳整形技术是利用乳腺癌术后残腔周围组织瓣填充残腔,可以有效弥补保乳术后因腺体组织不足导致乳房外形欠佳的不足,如改善双侧乳房对称性,改善局部皮肤的凹陷和避免乳头乳晕被动牵拉移位
回顾性分析2019年1月—2021年10月在中南大学湘雅医院乳腺外科接受以上两种手术的早期乳腺癌患者的临床资料,所有患者术前均未接受过新辅助治疗。保乳整形手术患者(保乳组)入组标准:⑴ 病理切缘阴性;⑵ 无广泛钙化灶;⑶ 非妊娠期乳腺癌;⑷ 肿瘤与乳房体积比例适当,术后能基本保持良好乳房外形;⑸ 有保乳意愿。排除标准:⑴ 不能保证切缘阴性;⑵ 妊娠期乳腺癌;⑶ 炎性乳腺癌。保留乳头乳晕的皮下腺体切除加假体联合补片乳房一期重建手术患者(乳房重建组)入组标准:⑴ 乳腺癌肿块不超过5 cm,无肿大融合淋巴结;⑵ 不适合保乳或不愿意保乳;⑶ 无乳头乳晕侵犯;⑷ 具有2个及以上病灶;⑸ 单侧乳腺癌。排除标准:⑴ 要求自体组织重建;⑵ 需行自体皮瓣覆盖创面;⑶ 乳腺癌对侧乳房有隆乳要求。两组各纳入40例患者。一期乳房重建使用Mentor假体(强生,美国)和钛网补片(TiLoop,德国)。该项回顾性研究得到中南大学湘雅医院伦理委员会的同意和批准(批件号:202112259),所有患者及家属术前均签署知情同意书。
首先行皮下腺体切除,并保留乳头乳晕复合体。同时,乳头后方残余组织行术中快速冷冻病理检查,排除乳头受到癌侵犯可能。离断患者胸大肌下缘和内侧缘,其中内侧缘离断至第四肋间,胸大肌下缘及内侧缘断端与TiLoop补片缝合,约6~8针(

图1 保留乳头乳晕皮下腺体切除术加假体联合补片乳房重建术 A:胸大肌下缘及内侧缘断端与TiLoop补片缝合;B:假体置入
Figure 1 Nipple-sparing mastectomy plus implant combined with TiLoop Bra for breast reconstruction A: Suture of the incisal edges of the inferior and medial borders of the pectoralis major muscle with TiLoop mesh; B:Prosthesis placement
收集患者基本临床资料,如年龄、肿瘤TNM分期、是否接受化疗。收集患者手术相关指标,如手术时间(指手术切皮开始至切口完全缝合关闭的时间)、术后留置引流管时间、术后住院时间以及住院费用等。收集两组手术后3个月内并发症发生情况,包括:⑴ 术后血肿,指局部经穿刺抽液证实为血性积液的患者;⑵ 切口感染,指创面出现红肿热痛炎症表现,并有血常规提示炎症表现者;⑶ 皮瓣坏死,指皮肤全层坏死,或补片和假体外露者;⑷ 脂肪液化坏死,指创面切口无菌性的清亮黄色液体的渗出导致切口延迟愈合者;⑸ 乳头麻木感,为患者主观感觉,是患侧乳头对比健侧乳头的差别;⑹ 组织挛缩,是指因手术导致组织或皮肤挛缩致使乳头发生明显移位者。
本研究采用Breast-Q量表6个模块中针对患者的“乳腺重建”模块,根据研究目的选择术后部分问卷,内容包括乳房外观满意度(

图2 两种手术方式术后效果 A-B:保留乳头乳晕皮下腺体切除加假体联合补片一期乳房重建术后3个月;C-D:保乳整形术后3个月
Figure 2 Postoperative views of two surgical procedures A-B: Views on 3 months after nipple-areola-complex sparing mastectomy plus immediately reconstruction with prosthesis and mesh; C-D: Views on 3 months after breast-conserving plastic surgery
乳房重建组与保乳组各纳入40例患者,乳房重建组中位年龄42岁(四分位数间距为10);保乳组中位年龄41岁(四分位数间距为9)。所有入组患者均完成Breast-Q问卷。两组患者在年龄、TNM分期和是否化疗方面差异均无统计学意义(P=0.803、0.482、0.622)(
相较于乳房重建组,保乳组在手术时间、术后留置引流管时间、术后住院时间以及住院费用上都具备明显优势,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.001)(
两组在常见并发症(血肿、切口感染、组织挛缩)发生率上差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)(
两组患者对乳房外形、心理健康、身体健康和性健康4个指标的满意度,差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)(
当前我国总体保乳治疗率相对较低,来自上海、北京等乳腺治疗中心的回顾性研
近年来本中心尝试使用假体联合补片进行一期乳房重建,使不合适行保乳整形的患者避免乳房缺损。该术式在国内国外迅速发展,无需使用背阔肌,腹直肌等肌皮瓣乳房重建,避免了供区的损伤,加速了患者的康
本研究结果显示,本中心行保留乳头乳晕的皮下腺体切除加假体联合补片一期乳房重建的手术时间为3 h左右,与国际国内其他大型临床医疗中心的手术时间基本一
本研究中接受重建手术的患者术后住院时间明显长于保乳整形手术的患者。主要原因是手术创面大,加之放置异物,导致引流量较多,无法短期拔除引流管。笔者曾对乳腺癌乳房全切手术术后放置引流管的时间进行统计分析,发现乳房全切手术术后放置引流管的时长为2周时,可较好地避免创面血清肿的发生,而引流管留置时间过短则可能无法进行充分引
术后并发症是乳腺癌术后不可避免的,特别是涉及到乳房重建时。本研究结果表明,两组在血肿,切口感染和局部组织挛缩等并发症发生率方面无明显差异,而重建组患者乳头麻木发生率明显高于保乳组,乳头麻木感是皮下腺体切除术后乳房重建的主要并发症,一旦出现,基本难以恢
在一期假体联合补片乳房重建手术中,如果出现皮瓣坏死导致伤口不愈合,可能会使乳房重建失败,最终导致假体取
但本研究为小样本回顾性研究,不可避免存在偏倚,且两种手术均由有经验的高级职称医师完成,但不同医师之间可能存在手术技巧和熟练程度的差异,导致影响患者对手术后效果的评价,未来仍需纳入更多患者开展深入研究,获取更多数据以夯实相关结果
综上所述,乳腺癌保乳加局部组织瓣填充残腔的手术方式,与保留乳头乳晕皮下腺体切处加假体联合补片的乳房一期重建手术,都能给乳腺癌患者带来较好的乳腺外形维持。保乳手术加局部组织瓣填充残腔的手术耗时短,并发症少,留置引流管时间短,是保留乳房重塑外形的优选方式。对于那些不能实施保乳手术的患者,保留乳头乳晕皮下腺体切除加假体联合补片的乳房一期重建手术,是一种安全有效,简单易行,值得广泛推广的手术方式。
利益冲突
所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
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