摘要
欧洲血管外科学会(ESVS)于2021年在《European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery》发表了该协会首个静脉血栓诊疗领域的指南:《欧洲血管外科学会(ESVS)2021年静脉血栓管理临床实践指南》,该指南包括了下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)、上肢DVT、浅静脉血栓形成(SVT)以及特殊部位血栓形成等方面,共给予了72条推荐意见;同时,除了关于治疗方法的推荐,还包括了健康经济学以及特殊患者人群的相关问题。该指南中的建议是通过对目前可以得到的研究证据进行分析及评估制定的,会对临床实践有较大的借鉴意义,但是,随着技术、证据以及知识的发展,指南可能需要不断更新。笔者团队根据指南更新的循证医学证据,结合临床中的热点问题,对指南给出的推荐意见做重点解读,以期更好地理解指南原则及实用建议。
欧洲血管外科学会(European Society for Vascular Surgery,ESVS)指南委员会于2017年启动制定相关血栓性疾病诊疗指南的流程,并于2021年1月在《European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery》上发表了ESVS在静脉血栓诊疗领域的第1篇指南:《欧洲血管外科学会(ESVS)2021年静脉血栓管理临床实践指南》(以下简称“ESVS指南”
指南撰写委员会(guideline writing committee, GWC)由杰出的静脉血栓诊疗领域专家以及ESVS委员组成,成员均具有丰富的临床经验和学术成就。他们对目前可用的科学证据进行了评估,并结合专家意见撰写本指南。同时,委员会也指出:虽然ESVS指南回顾并纳入了较新的临床研究,但是其中也存在一些专家共识是属于循证级别不高的推荐意见,仍然需要更多的临床研究来进一步证实;随着技术、证据以及对这一疾病知识的进展,当专家们对静脉血栓诊疗的评估和管理有了新的见解时,ESVS也将及时对指南进行更新。
GWC主要检索MEDLINE(通过PubMed)、Embase、临床试验数据库(clinical trial databases)和Cochrane Library,同时还通过人工搜索增加了其他相关的证据和文献,委员会专家根据检索到的文献标题和摘要中提供的信息进行筛选。纳入标准为:⑴ 英语语言;⑵ 证据水平:按照公认的证据级别进行考虑,优先考虑汇总证据(meta-analyses),然后为随机对照试验(randomized controlled trials,RCTs),再为观察性研究(observational studies),每个部分的文献证据水平用于指导指南中每个建议的级别;⑶样本量:大型研究的权重高于小型研究。
指南中的临床实践推荐使用欧洲心脏病学会评分系统进行介绍。对于每个建议,字母A,B或C表示指导该建议的当前证据水平(
近年来,人们对于静脉血栓的治疗关注度越来越高,静脉血栓的诊疗策略也一直在不断的变化中,其中关于抗凝问题、血栓清除治疗的时机及患者获益、腔静脉滤器的使用、压力治疗的作用及疗程等都是专家们关心的热点问题,针对这些热点问题,笔者团队就ESVS指南中的相关临床热点部分进行解读,希望通过指南的解读进一步规范静脉血栓的相关诊疗规范。
目前下肢深静脉血栓的发病率居高不下,由于下肢DVT发病率高、危害严重,尤其急性期容易并发急性肺栓塞(pulmonary embolism,PE),严重时可造成死亡,下肢DVT如不能得到有效治疗,则静脉血栓后综合征(post-thrombotic syndrome,PTS)的发病率会有所升
下肢DVT的诊断通常依赖于患者的症状、体征等临床表现,同时还要注意是否存在相关危险因素,但是,以上单项指标均不能作为确诊或者排除DVT的依据。临床上使用的评分量表(例如WELL's评分)可以在早期帮助临床医生考虑存在下肢DVT的可能,但是评分量表也存在假阴性的可能,因此,不能单独依靠评分量表来确诊或排除DVT诊断,应该结合化验检查(例如D-二聚体)及影像学检查来增加诊断的准确
目前临床上使用较多的影像学检查包括彩超、计算机断层扫描静脉成像(computed tomography venography,CTV)、核磁共振、静脉造影等。不同的影像学检查具有不同的特点,彩色多普勒超声检查仍然是使用最广泛的诊断方式;但是ESVS指南中也提到了CTV是近端DVT的有效诊断方式,具有和彩超相当的敏感度与特异度,尤其对于下腔静脉及髂静脉的评估,CTV优于彩超检查,除可提供更多信息外,同时还可进行血管测量并协助制定手术方案;核磁共振静脉成像也可以用来诊断DVT,但目前相应诊断数据仍然较少,有较新的研究发现核磁共振直接血栓成像可以用来评估血栓的新旧程度,可能对于治疗方案的确定有所帮助;但是CTV及MRI都有相对费用较高、需要使用对比剂及射线辐射等不足,因此并不能作为首选检查方式。静脉造影作为DVT诊断工具,准确性无需疑义,但其属于有创检查,因此当其他检查无法得出结论或要同时考虑介入手术治疗时可选择使
综合以上依据,指南对于DVT的诊断给出了以下推荐意见。
对于临床评估的推荐:当怀疑深静脉血栓形成时,作为诊断过程的一部分,建议医师在检查前先进行临床评估,且所有参与诊断深静脉血栓的医疗专业人员都应该使用经过验证的诊断途径(I,C)。对于影像学检查的推荐:对于怀疑有深静脉血栓需要进行影像学检查的患者,建议首选超声扫描(I,C)。对疑似深静脉血栓形成患者,超声扫描阴性,应在5~7 d后复查超声评估(IIa,C)。对于怀疑近端深静脉血栓形成的患者,如超声评估不确定或不可行,应考虑CTV,磁共振静脉造影,或静脉造影(IIa,C)。对疑似小腿深静脉血栓形成的患者进行超声检查时,建议采用全下肢超声扫描(whole leg ultrasound scanning,WLUS)(I,C)。对于常规筛查的推荐:对于深静脉血栓形成的患者,如无相关症状或体征,不建议常规筛查隐匿性PE(III,C)。对于原发性DVT患者,推荐通过临床病史、体检及性别特异性相关检查,而不是常规的广泛筛查,来发现隐匿性恶性肿瘤(I,A)。对于原发性深静脉血栓形成和一级亲属有静脉血栓栓塞家族史的患者,应考虑进行遗传性血栓性疾病的检测(IIa,C)。对于原发性深静脉血栓患者,如果考虑停止抗凝,应考虑抗磷脂抗体检测。
下肢DVT的治疗中,抗凝治疗是最重要的治疗,这一点已经被国内外的各种指南一致推荐。ESVS指南将抗凝治疗分为3个阶段:分别是初始期(最初10 d)、主要治疗期(前3个月),延展期抗凝(3个月后继续抗凝不设定终止时间)。初始期治疗的目的是通过尽快开始抗凝治疗来预防血栓蔓延及PE风险;主要治疗期是通过维持有效的抗凝治疗来避免血栓蔓延及防止VTE早期复发;延展期抗凝的目的是避免VTE的长期复发风险。目前临床上使用的抗凝药物主要包括肝素、低分子肝素、维生素K拮抗剂(vitamin K antagonists,VKAs)(华法林)、磺达肝癸钠、直接抗凝药物(阿加曲班、达比加群)、直接口服抗凝药物(direct oral anticoagulant,DOACs)(阿派沙班、利伐沙班)等,由于抗凝药物的作用机制不同,在临床使用中具有不同的特点,因此应该注意药物的适应证及禁忌证,针对不同患者选择适合的药
DOACs是DVT抗凝治疗历史上的重大突破,对原发性DVT或继发性有症状急性DVT都有较好的效果,而大出血风险则明显降低还能够有效的预防VTE复发,因此在指南中对于DOACs的推荐也越来越明
最近有研
在ESVS指南中,针对抗凝治疗的时长、抗凝药物的选择都做出了较以往指南更加详细、更加具体的推荐,尤其是关于延展期抗凝药物的选择、是否延长抗凝疗程的决策制定、预防DVT复发的随访方式都较美国胸科协会抗栓指南第10
关于继发性DVT的治疗推荐:对于一过性危险因素诱发的继发性近端DVT,推荐治疗性抗凝3个月优于不足3个月(I,A),同时无限延长抗凝疗程并不会带来更大的获益,应该考虑到治疗性抗凝3个月优于6个月或更长的抗凝时长(IIa,A);对于继发性近端DVT,在治疗阶段推荐使用DOACs优于VKAs(I,A)。对非恶性肿瘤的持续性危险因素引发的近端DVT患者,在评估血栓复发及出血风险基础上,应考虑超过3个月的抗凝,并定期进行评估(IIa,C);对一些由较轻的一过性危险因素诱发的继发性近端DVT,在评估血栓复发及出血风险后可以考虑超过3个月的抗凝,但应定期评估风险(IIb,C)。关于原发性DVT的治疗推荐:对于原发性近端DVT患者,推荐在主要治疗期(principal treatment phase)选择DOACs治疗优于低分子肝素、VKAs(I,A);对于原发性近端DVT患者,抗凝超过3个月时,推荐再次评估出血风险,以决定是否继续抗凝(I,C);对于低中出血风险的原发性近端DVT患者,建议延长抗凝3个月以上,并定期重新评估出血风险(I,A)。
对于原发性近端DVT需要延长抗凝治疗超过3个月时,应考虑DOACs,优于使用VKAs(IIa,B);对原发性近端DVT患者,需要延长抗凝超过6个月,如果VTE复发风险不高,应考虑使用低剂量DOACs(阿哌沙班2.5 mg,2次/d或利伐沙班10 mg,1次/d)(IIa,B);对于原发性近端DVT,不推荐选用阿司匹林进行延长期抗凝治疗(IIIa,A)。关于DVT复发的治疗推荐:对于DVT患者,终止抗凝治疗前,推荐复查WLUS,以确认新的基线状况(IIb,C);对于第2次或紧随发生的原发性DVT患者,推荐延长抗凝治疗3个月以上(I,B);对依从性好的DVT复发患者,应考虑改变抗凝方式,或增加低分子肝素剂量、将DOACs改为治疗剂量、或提高INR目标值。对于可能需要延长抗凝时间的DVT患者,在决策过程中应考虑超声检查RVO和/或检测D-二聚体水平(IIb,B)。
腔静脉滤器可以用来预防较大的血栓脱落造成的致命性PE,降低PE相关并发症及死亡,但是对于下肢DVT的治疗并没有直接的作用,因此近年来对于下腔静脉滤器的应用存在一定的争议,争论的焦点是腔静脉滤器使用指征扩大从而引发的过度使用,同时由于回收失败也会造成相关的并发
压力治疗是下肢DVT的治疗方式之一,在临床上广泛应用,具有便捷、无侵袭性、副作用轻微等特点。在DVT急性期,由于静脉内血栓形成及炎症反应造成了肢体疼痛及肿胀,这也是下肢DVT患者在急性期的主要表现。弹性压力袜(elastic compression stockings,ECS)的作用机制是通过缓解静脉高压,促进静脉回流,减轻肢体水肿。近来的一些研究结果显示:在DVT的急性期及亚急性期,ECS均可明显缓解DVT患者的下肢疼痛及肿胀症状,但是一旦过了早期,缓解水肿及疼痛作用反而不再明显;还有研究表明在早期开始接受ECS治疗可以明显提高DVT患者的生活质量。RVO是静脉血栓复发的中度危险因素,有研
PTS是DVT最常见的并发症之一,DVT发病后的1~2年内,20%~50%的患者会出现PTS,表现为下肢沉重、肿胀、疼痛不适,严重者会出现皮肤硬结,色素沉着及静脉性溃疡。PTS发病率高,危害严重,治疗费用高,严重影响患者生活质量,因此,积极治疗DVT的目标应该包括降低PTS的发生率。在以往的经验中,通常认为需要等DVT患者急性期肢体水肿消退后,才能开始压力治疗。但最近有研
但ECS治疗预防PTS的效果近年来成为了争议较多的话题,可从不同的前瞻性研究中看到不同的结论。例如:SOX研
关于ECS的使用疗程,ESVS指南也做了相应分析,OCTAVIA研究表明ECS治疗通常还是应该在DVT后至少持续2年。此研究的优势包括多中心设计、高质量的随机程序、比较大的样本量,同时与SOX试验相比较,本研究具有更好的依从性、同时也排除了因为对照组使用安慰剂型ECS治疗可能出现的偏差,所以本研究应该更加符合实际上临床患者使用ECS治疗的状态。IDEAL DVT研究中,评估>6个月ECS治疗与标准ECS疗程的差异,发现基于阶段性Villalta评分决定ECS的疗程是可行办法,该策略展示了哪些患者应选择标准压迫疗程或更长压迫疗程,具体操作如下:按Villata评分,相隔3个月评分≤4分,ECS 6个月,≥5分,ECS 12个月或24个月(间隔6个月再次评分
关于弹力袜在急性DVT患者中的应用推荐如下:近端DVT,推荐发病24 h内给予多层绷带加压或穿着弹力袜治疗,压力30~40 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),早期压力治疗的目的是减轻疼痛、水肿及减少RVO(I,A);关于弹力袜对PTS的预防应用推荐如下:对于近端DVT,为了减少PTS风险,应考虑使用膝下弹力袜(IIa,A);关于弹力袜治疗的疗程推荐如下:对于近端DVT,依据Villalta评分显示患者症状体征轻微的患者,推荐选择膝下弹力袜治疗6~12个月(I,A)。
由此不难看出,与之前的指南及ACCP指南相比较,ESVS指南对于压力治疗的建议更加积极,例如:在急性DVT发病24 h内即开始给予压力治疗来减轻患者的疼痛及水肿,对于近端DVT患者推荐使用弹力袜治疗,对于弹力袜的使用疗程,也给出了更加个体化的建议,症状体征较轻患者6~12个月,较重患者可以继续延长压力治疗时长,并定期评估。这些都是以往指南中从未给出的建议,对于压力治疗在急性DVT中的应用作用以及对于预防PTS的作用,都值得我们在将来的临床工作中给予重视,也是今后临床研究的重点方向。
近些年来,下肢DVT的治疗方案大多推荐规范抗凝联合压力治疗,但这样的治疗方案并不能有效预防及治疗PTS,有资
常见的血栓清除方式主要有以下几种:⑴ 开放手术取栓:切开股静脉,使用Fogarty导管取栓。这一手术方式已使用多年,技术成熟,效果肯定,但也存在手术创伤较大、出血较多等不足。⑵ 导管直接溶栓(catheter directed thrombolysis,CDT):使用头端多侧孔的溶栓导管直接置入血栓内,注入溶栓药物进行溶栓治疗。临床上比较常用的溶栓药物是尿激酶或重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(rtPA),但CDT溶栓治疗存在一定大出血风险。⑶ 药物机械性导管溶栓(pharmacochemical catheter directed thrombolysis,PTCD):这类手术器械同时具备药物灌注溶栓以及碎栓吸栓功能,可以通过不同的机械原理达到血栓清除的目的,临床上有很多不同的品牌及型号,使用比较广泛的是Angiojet血栓清除导
关于早期血栓清除效果的研究主要有以下4个:TORPED
ESVS指南中指出目前还没有研究能提供早期血栓清除后使用或不使用支架治疗的疗效差异,同样也没有任何研究能提供单纯CDT治疗或PCDT治疗以及各种纯机械性血栓清除装置的优势,通常经验认为后两种治疗方式的益处在于治疗过程中可以减少溶栓药物的用量或者避免使用溶栓药物,从而避免出血并发
因此笔者团队的观点是:对于PTS高危患者,如血栓累及髂股静脉段,血栓负荷量较大的广泛下肢DVT患者;发病时间在2周以内,术后无明显血栓残留等手术成功率较高的患者;及出血风险低的DVT患者;这部分患者选择早期血栓清除治疗优于单纯抗凝治疗。
关于有症状髂股静脉段DVT患者经早期血栓清除及支架置入后如何抗凝,目前关于药物治疗的方案仍有很多争议,并没有任何针对性证据支持,有系统性回
关于早期血栓清除及支架置入治疗的推荐如下:关于近端DVT是否进行早期血栓清除治疗的推荐:对于有症状的髂股静脉的血栓,应考虑早期血栓清除治疗(IIa,A)。对于局限于股腘静脉或小腿静脉的深静脉血栓患者,不推荐早期血栓清除(III,B)。关于近端DVT血栓清除后的抗凝治疗:对于接受早期血栓清除治疗的DVT患者,无论有无支架置入,推荐抗凝疗程至少应该与单独抗凝治疗疗程一致,并遵医嘱执行(I,C)。关于血栓清除治疗方式的选择:对于准备接受早期血栓清除治疗的髂股静脉血栓患者,建议根据治疗医师的经验判断来选择治疗方案(IIa,A)。
小腿DVT(calf DVT)又被称为孤立性远端DVT(isolated distal DVT),通常指累及小腿轴位的深静脉(包括腓静脉、胫前或胫后静脉)及肌静脉丛(腓肠肌静脉、比目鱼肌静脉)的DVT。由于与近端DVT相比,远端DVT通常症状较少,容易漏诊,但按照以往的经验,远端DVT临床意义不大,复发风险低,即使漏诊对预后影响不大。由于缺乏相关的研究证据,因此以前的大多指南(包括ACCP指南)对于小腿DVT大多建议保守观察治疗,复查过程中如发现血栓蔓延,才开始相关抗凝治
ESVS指南收纳了近年来很多较新的研究,这些研究大多都得出了以下结论:抗凝治疗有更低的VTE复发风险,而没有接受抗凝的小腿DVT患者,血栓向近心端蔓延或发生PE风险性高(超过60%),因此结合荟萃分析,有明确的证据支持抗凝疗程3个月有益处,除非患者存在抗凝禁忌证。如果远端DVT患者没有接受抗凝治疗,则应在1周后再次临床评估并复查WLUS;同时鉴于DOACs在PE中的安全性及有效性,对绝大多数急性小腿DVT,DOACs疗效优于VKAs;关于远端DVT的延长期抗凝,虽然研究结论很少,但对持续存在的严重复发危险因素及原发性DVT患者,应考虑延长期抗
指南针对远端DVT的治疗给出了较以往更加具体、更加积极的建议,主要体现在以下方面。
对于小腿DVT的治疗推荐:对于小腿DVT患者,应根据患者症状,血栓进展的风险因素及出血风险,来决定是否进行抗凝治疗(IIa,C);对于需要抗凝治疗的症状性小腿DVT,推荐抗凝疗程为3个月而不是较短疗程(I,A);对于需要抗凝的小腿DVT患者,推荐DOACs优于低分子肝素(low molecular weight heparin,LMWH)+VKAs(I,C);对于活动性恶性肿瘤患者的症状性小腿DVT,建议抗凝疗程超过3个月(IIa,C)。对于保守治疗患者的随访:症状性小腿DVT患者,如未接受抗凝治疗,建议1周后再次临床评估及复查WLUS(I,B)。
浅静脉血栓形成在临床上并不少见、但是以前的指南推荐大多比较粗略,ESVS指南结合最近的研究进展,针对浅静脉血栓的部位、程度及范围给出了非常具体的治疗建
对于SVT的诊断及治疗推荐:对疑似下肢SVT患者,推荐WLUS检查,以确立血栓范围及排除无症状DVT(I,B);对下肢孤立性SVT,超声检查显示血栓长度<5 cm,若无高危风险因素:例如恶性肿瘤、易栓症或血栓近心端靠近深静脉等情况,不建议抗凝治疗(I,C)。对于SVT抗凝治疗的药物选择:下肢SVT血栓距深静脉交汇处≥3 cm,血栓长度≥5 cm,推荐磺达肝葵钠2.5 mg 1次/d(I,B);下肢SVT,血栓与深静脉交汇处≥3 cm,血栓长度≥5 cm,可以考虑中等剂量LMWH替代磺达肝葵钠(IIa,B)。对于SVT抗凝疗程的推荐:下肢SVT患者,超声显示血栓长度≥5 cm,且距离深静脉交汇处≥3cm,建议抗凝治疗45 d(I,B);下肢SVT,距深静脉交汇处≤3 cm,推荐给予治疗剂量抗凝(I,C);下肢SVT患者,且有高危风险因素和/或解剖特征,建议给予抗凝治疗3个月(IIb,C)。对于SVT手术治疗的推荐:对于下肢SVT患者,不推荐急诊静脉腔内手术干预(III,C);对下肢SVT患者,一旦过了急性炎症期及高凝状态,建议行功能不全的浅静脉消融术,该时间应该距离最后一次SVT发作至少3个月(IIa,C)。
该指南还针对上肢深静脉血栓形成以及特殊类型下肢静脉血栓患者:例如儿童、妊娠妇女、恶性肿瘤患者,易栓症患者及肾功能不全患者的诊断及治疗给出了非常个体化的诊断及治疗建议。
综上所述,2021版ESVS指南中纳入了很多近年来关于血栓性疾病较新的研究结果及文献,对于临床工作有一定的指导意义;但在很多临床争议较多的热点问题上,例如弹力袜治疗是否可以减少血栓的复发,血栓清除治疗是否可以大幅降低PTS的发生率等问题,由于缺乏前瞻性的随机对照研究结果的支持,仍然没有得出明确的结论。所以在此类患者的临床诊断及治疗过程中仍然需要结合患者的具体情况、不同中心的情况及术者的经验做出相应的判断并制定个体化的治疗方案,从而使患者在符合指南建议原则的前提下有更多的获益。同时,今后的研究方向也应注重于热点问题的前瞻性随机对照研究,通过研究数据总结归纳相关的经验,制定出更适合我国患者的诊疗指南及策略。
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