摘要
解剖性肝切除术(AH)是以荷瘤门静脉流域为目标的肝切除,它符合精准肝切除的理念,已经逐步成为肝细胞癌(HCC)患者腹腔镜肝切除的主流。但是,在相当长的一段时间内,学术界对于HCC患者行AH在肿瘤学获益方面是否优于非解剖性肝切除术(NAH)仍有争议,而产生这种争议的原因可能是由于传统的手术依据—Couinaud肝脏分段法与患者现实肝脏脉管解剖学上的偏差,导致未能完全清除所有的荷瘤门静脉流域。三维(3D)可视化技术的普及可帮助外科医师在术前更加直观和充分地了解患者的肝内脉管走行及变异情况,做出最贴合实际的荷瘤门静脉流域分析,指导制定个体化的精准AH。在本文中,笔者结合临床经验就上述问题进行探讨并介绍腹腔镜下实施AH的步骤与体会。
回顾性分析中南大学湘雅医院肝脏外科2022年收治的2例HCC患者的临床资料,2例患者均为单个肿块,累及相邻2个肝段。术前通过专业软件进行肝脏及肿块的3D成像分析,将荷瘤门静脉及其流域设定为切除范围,同时兼顾手术标本能够满足最小安全切缘(1 cm),否则需要纳入邻近1~2支门脉分支及其流域,适当扩大切除范围以满足安全切缘。术中采用3D腹腔镜,在低中心静脉压和全入肝血流阻断下,充分利用肝脏膜结构解剖出荷瘤肝蒂(必要时劈开部分肝实质以利肝蒂显露),将其阻断后再恢复入肝血流,在肝表面标记缺血/切除范围,用术中超声再次确定切除范围及切缘是否符合术前规划。
2例患者均顺利完成手术,术中解剖出目标肝蒂后,腔镜下超声确认肝表面缺血范围均符合术前规划。术后剖检标本,切缘距离肿瘤至少1 cm。病理检查确认为高分化HCC,未见肿瘤微血管侵犯。患者术后随访6~8个月未见肿瘤复发,生活质量良好。
China Journal of General Surgery, 2023, 32(1):30-39.
解剖性肝切除术(anatomic hepatectomy,AH)最早由日本的幕内雅敏教授系统性提
患者1 男,47岁,既往乙肝感染:入院查HBsAg阳性,HBeAb 阳性,HBcAb 阳性,乙肝DNA阳性。AFP:2.47 ng/mL,异常凝血酶原(DCP):22.67 mAU/mL,CA19-9 12.55 U/mL,MRI提示左肝肿块,大小约3 cm×4 cm,考虑HCC(

图1 患者的影像学资料 A:患者1的肝脏核磁共振图像(肝胆期),可见肿瘤主要位于左内叶,同时接受右前叶肝蒂分支供血;B:患者2的肝脏CT图像,可见肿瘤主要位于右后叶
Figure 1 Imaging data of patients A: Liver MRI images (hepatobiliary stage) of patient 1 showing the tumor mainly located in the left medial lobe, with blood supply from the hepatic pedicle branch of the right anterior lobe; B: Liver CT images of patient 2 showing that the tumor mainly located in the right posterior lobe
患者2 男,53岁,既往无乙肝病史,入院查HBsAg阴性,HBeAb阴性,HBcAb阳性,乙肝DNA阴性。AFP:1.47 ng/mL,DCP:306.42 mAU/mL,CA19-9 7.27 U/mL,CT提示右肝低密度灶,大小约8.6 cm×8.1 cm,考虑HCC(
采集患者CT或MRI数据通过专业软件(VitaWorks,上海)进行肝脏3D重建及荷瘤门脉流域分析,发现患者1的肿块累及左内叶及右前叶,主要由IVb段门脉(P4b)和V段腹侧门脉第一支(P5v1)供血,流域分析证实,切除P4b和P5v1门静脉流域后,可完全覆盖肿瘤,且预计切缘超过1 cm(

图2 患者1的肝脏3D成像及流域分析 A:肿瘤累及肝脏左内叶及右前叶;B:肿瘤由IVb段门脉(P4b)和V段腹侧门脉第一支(P5v1)供血;C-D:流域分析证实,切除P4b和P5v1门静脉流域后,可完全覆盖肿瘤,且预计切缘超过1 cm
Figure 2 3D imaging of the liver and tumor-bearing portal territory analysis of patient 1 A: The tumor is located in the left medial lobe and right anterior lobe of the liver; B: The tumor is supplied by the portal vein of segment Ⅳb (P4b) and the first ventral portal vein of segment Ⅴ (P5v1); C-D: Territory analysis confirms that the tumor can be completely covered after resection of the P4b and P5v1 portal vein territory, and the resection margin is expected to exceed 1 cm

图3 患者2的肝脏3D成像及流域分析 A:可见肿瘤累及肝脏Ⅵ、Ⅶ段;B:肿瘤由右后区门脉第一支(PPa)和第二支(PPb)供血;C-D:流域分析证实,切除PPa和PPb门静脉流域后,可完全覆盖肿瘤,且预计切缘超过1 cm
Figure 3 3D imaging of the liver and tumor-bearing portal veins territory analysis of patient 2 A: The tumor is located in the segments Ⅵ and Ⅶ; B: The tumor is supplied by the portal veins of the first (PPa) and second (PPb) branch of the right posterior lobe; C-D: Territory analysis confirms that the tumor can be completely covered after resection of the PPa and PPb portal vein territory, and the resection margin is expected to exceed 1 cm
体位与麻醉:患者仰卧位,气管插管下全麻,切肝过程中采用低中心静脉压技术(0~5 cmH2O)(1 cmH2O=0.098 kPa
对于患者1,腔镜下超声定位肿块外周1 cm左右边界(

图4 患者1术中照片 A:腔镜下超声定位肿块外周1 cm边界;B:沿右前叶肝蒂左侧解剖出P5v1后在根部予以暂时性阻断,恢复入肝血流;C:用电钩标记此肝表面缺血分界线即右侧切除线;D:用超声刀沿镰状韧带右侧(左侧切除线)向第一、二肝门方向解剖肝实质,遇P4b予Hamolok夹闭后于根部离断;E:沿此线离断肝实质及该区域引流肝静脉,直至两侧切面汇合,将肝肿块完整切除,创面显露Ⅴ段腹侧门脉第二支(P5v2)及Ⅷ段门脉(P8);F:术后剖检标本,肿瘤切缘>1 cm
Figure 4 Intraoperative photos of patient 1 A: Laparoscopic ultrasound location of the outer boundary of the tumor extending 1 cm beyond the tumor; B: Dissection of the P5v1 along the left side of the liver pedicle of right anterior lobe and temporary blockage at its root before restoring the hepatic blood flow; C: Marking the ischemia line on the liver surface as the right resection line using an electric hook; D: Dissection of the liver parenchyma along the right side of the sickle ligament (left excision line) and toward the first and second hepatic hila using an ultrasound scalpel, and division of the P4 after clipping at its root using Hamoloks; E: Further dissection of the liver parenchyma along the ischemia line until the confluence of the two sections, complete removal of the liver tumor and the hepatic veins draining this territory, and exposure of the second branch of the ventral portal vein of segment Ⅴ (P5v2) and the portal vein of segment Ⅷ (P8) on the cut surface; F: Postoperative autopsy specimen revealing the resection margin >1 cm

图5 患者2术中照片 A:用超声刀沿Rouvier沟解剖出PPa;B:暂时性阻断PPa后恢复入肝血流,电钩标记Ⅴ段和Ⅵ段分界线;C:继续沿此线解剖肝实质,直至显露PPb;D:暂时性阻断PPb后恢复入肝血流,电钩标记肿块背侧切除线;E:沿此线离断肝实质及该区域引流肝静脉,直至两侧切面汇合,将肝肿块完整切除;F:术后剖检标本,肿瘤切缘>1 cm
Figure 5 Intraoperative photos of patient 2 A: Dissection of the PPa along the Rouvier's groove using an ultrasonic scalpel; B: Restoration of the hepatic blood flow after temporary blockage of the PPa, and marking the line between segments Ⅴ and Ⅵ using an electric hook; C: Further dissection of the liver parenchyma along this line until exposure of the PPb; D: Temporary blockage of the PPb before restoring the hepatic blood flow, and marking the dorsal resection line of the mass using an electric hook; E: Further dissection of the liver parenchyma along the ischemia line until the confluence of the two sections, and then complete removal of the liver tumor and the hepatic veins draining this territory; F: Postoperative autopsy specimen revealing the resection margin >1 cm
患者1手术时间为150 min,术中出血量约为100 mL。患者2手术时间为230 min,术中出血量约为200 mL。两例患者术后第1天进食流质,第2天下床活动,术后第3天肠道功能恢复,恢复正常饮食,未发生腹腔内大出血或胆汁漏等并发症。术后第5天均拔除腹腔引流管后出院。
患者1:高分化HCC(1个肿块,大小约3.4 cm×3 cm×2.8 cm),未见卫星结节,未见微血管侵犯(M0),未见神经侵犯,切缘阴性,癌旁组织肝纤维化改变。患者2:高分化HCC(1个肿块,大小约8.5 cm× 6.8 cm×6 cm),未见微血管侵犯(M0),切缘阴性,癌旁组织肝纤维化改变。
HCC是严重危害我国人民群众生命健康的重大疾病。据统计,它是我国第五大常见癌症和第二位致死癌种,2020年我国HCC的新发病例超过41万例,死亡超过39万例,接近全球新发和死亡病例的一半。提高HCC患者的长期生存率是医务工作者为之不懈奋斗的目标。
尽管近年来多种新型抗肿瘤药物取得了较好的临床疗效,极大地提高了晚期HCC患者生存期,HCC的治疗仍然是以手术为中心的综合治疗。特别是对于CNLC Ⅰa~Ⅱ
基于以上共识,外科医师在HCC患者的治疗过程中仍扮演着核心角色。对于HCC的根治性手术切除方式,早在20世纪,日本的幕内雅敏教授就创新性地提出了AH的理念:即系统性地沿门静脉将一个肝段及其所属门静脉分支支配的区域连同动脉等一并切除。包括肝叶,肝段和亚肝段的切除。AH主要包括4个步骤:⑴ 通过血流阻断或染色法标记肝表面的肝段边界;⑵ 超声引导下以该肝段标志性静脉为边界进行肝实质离断;⑶ 肝断面暴露具有重要意义的肝静脉;⑷ 肝蒂根部结扎Glisson系统。笔者认为,该理念实际上是PT-AH。该术式的理论优势在于切除了肿瘤的门静脉引流区域,尽最大可能清除了MVI甚至PVTT,消除了术后早期复发的根源,是最可能使患者获得最大肿瘤学获益的根治性术式。
然而,在既往的临床实践中,有不少学
当然,有学者会提出,患者1为什么不做中肝叶切除,患者2为什么不做右半肝切除,这样安全切缘更大,残留MVI的可能性更小。这是另外一个值得探讨的问题,要实施多大范围的AH才足够?亚段、肝段、肝叶、半肝、肝三叶甚至从广义上讲,全肝切除(肝移植)都是AH,而且肝移植是极致的AH。尽管有大量的报道认为肝移植的远期肿瘤学疗效优于单纯AH,但显然,临床上不可能让所有的患者都接受肝移植(供体来源受限),即使是肝移植,仍然不能杜绝术后的HCC复发。
那么,一个兼顾肿瘤学获益和术后肝功能恢复的AH平衡点在哪里?笔者认为,董家鸿教授提出的“精准肝切除”理念能较好地解决这一问题,该理论以“最大化清除病灶、最大化肝脏保护、最小化创伤侵袭”为核心,即并不强调一味扩大手术范围。目前,临床证据显示,距离肿瘤1 cm以上切除较1 cm以下切除更有利于减低肿瘤复发率,延长患者的长期生
本研究的2例患者,实施了兼顾术后肝功能恢复的及最小安全切缘(1 cm)的最小范围PT-AH,近期效果好,患者恢复快,并发症少,目前随访未见肿瘤复发,远期效果有待进一步观察。笔者认为此类PT-AH对于需要保留更多肝实质的肝功能欠佳患者尤其具有借鉴意义。笔者单位的PT-AH实施步骤如下:⑴ 开具高质量的二维影像学检查,如(普美显)肝脏核磁共振平扫增强;⑵ 尽量使用MRI(除非体内有金属成分不能行MRI检查)影像学数据进行肝脏3D重建(MRI敏感性优于CT);⑶ 在3D软件上进行HCC的荷瘤门静脉流域分析,确定能达到1 cm安全切缘的最小PT-AH范围;⑷ 如HCC靠近重要门静脉或肝静脉分支(如左、右肝蒂或肝静脉主干),则需扩大切除范围,如行肝叶或半肝切除;⑸ 计算残肝体积是否达标准肝体积的40%以上,如残肝体积不足,需调整切除范围(或行术前门静脉栓塞,待保留侧肝脏增生达标后再手术);⑹ 术中腔镜超声定位距离肿块1 cm安全边界。全入肝血流阻断下(可减少出血)解剖出目标肝蒂予以暂时性阻断(大钛夹夹闭,注意力度适中,减少血管损伤),观察肝表面缺血范围是否符合术前规划;⑺ 按照缺血线离断肝实质,肝脏断面显露具有重要意义的肝静脉;⑻ 由于肝内解剖平面较之肝表面更难把握,断肝过程中可使用荧光反染技术协助判断肝内离断平面;⑼ 充分显露各支荷瘤肝蒂后在根部离断。
总之,笔者认为,在精准肝脏外科时代,3D可视化技术联合荷瘤门静脉流域分析在HCC患者LAH中具有重要的应用价值和前景,关键在于外科医师尽快将AH从传统的Couinaud-AH向PT-AH理念转变。当然,其远期肿瘤学效果值得更多临床研究的证实。
利益冲突
所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
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