摘要
近端胃癌根治术中,在处理胃短血管时易造成出血和脾脏损伤,尤其在一些脾脏上极脾胃韧带较短的肥胖患者。笔者团队前期采用胃后间隙预先拓展的手术方法,很好地解决了这一问题。本研究通过比较腹腔镜下预先拓展胃后间隙的近端胃癌根治术和常规的近端胃癌根治术的临床效果,探讨预先拓展胃后间隙的手术方法在腹腔镜近端胃癌根治术中的应用价值。
回顾性分析蚌埠医学院第一附属医院肿瘤外科2019年1月—2021年12月间196例接受腹腔镜近端胃癌根治术患者的临床资料,其中99例采用腹腔镜下预先拓展胃后间隙的近端胃癌根治术(研究组),97例行常规的近端胃癌根治术(对照组),比较两组患者的临床指标。
两组患者在年龄、性别、BMI、肿瘤位置、肿瘤分期、手术方式、食管空肠吻合方式等一般资料方面差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。两组所有患者均顺利完成腹腔镜手术,淋巴结清扫范围相同,无中转开腹。与对照组比较,研究组手术平均时间明显缩短[(100.3±25.8)min vs.(130.7±43.2)min,P=0.000]、平均出血量明显减少[(35.0±5.7)mL vs.(44.9±4.7)mL,P=0.000]。对照组术中发生脾脏上极损伤5例(5.2%),研究组无术中脾损伤发生,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组在淋巴结清扫数目、术后引流量、引流时间、术后住院时间、住院费用和手术并发症发生率方面差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。两组患者均无严重术后并发症发生。
近端胃癌广义上是指胃的上1/3部癌及贲门处的癌,即Siewert分类中Ⅱ、Ⅲ型的胃食管交界处
回顾性分析蚌埠医学院第一附属医院肿瘤外科从2019年1月—2021年12月间收治的196例接受腹腔镜近端胃癌根治全胃切除术的胃底贲门和胃体部癌患者的临床资料。纳入标准:⑴ 术前胃镜检查活检及病理组织学证实为近端胃癌;⑵ 术前行腹部增强CT扫描检查,明确无转移;⑶ 术前评估均可行腹腔镜手术。排除标准:⑴ 术前CT分期T4a以上的患者;⑵ 转移淋巴结融合、包绕累及重要血管;⑶ 术前已接受新辅助治疗的患者;⑷ 肿瘤位于胃大弯侧;⑸ 合并严重心脑血管等疾病不能耐受腹腔镜手术的患者。根据手术方法不同分为两组:⑴ 研究组99例,均采用腹腔镜下预先拓展胃后间隙的近端胃癌根治性全胃切除术;⑵ 对照组97例,采用常规的近端胃癌根治性全胃切除术。196例胃癌手术均由同一手术团队完成。研究获得医院医学伦理委员会审批(批号:2019143),所有患者或其家属术前均签署知情同意书。
具体操作步骤:⑴ 采用气管插管全麻,取人字位,监视器位于患者头侧,采用五孔法操作,于脐孔下方约1 cm处留置直径10 mm Trocar作为观察孔,如果剑突距脐距离较小时主操作孔适当下移。左侧腋前线肋缘下2 cm处留置12 mm套管作为主操作孔,左锁骨中线平脐上2 cm置入5 mm套管作为副操作孔,右侧锁骨中线平脐上2 cm和右腋前线肋缘下2 cm分别置入5 mm套管作为助手操作孔。主刀左侧站位。⑵ 探查盆腔,看有无种植转移及腹水,然后探查中下腹腔、上腹及肝脏有无转移。助手挑起肝脏后超声刀打开肝胃韧带,观察小网膜囊有无转移,最后探查病灶,包括其大小、部位、有无浆膜侵犯等。沿打开的肝胃韧带继续切开胃膈韧带至脾上极平面,然后悬吊肝脏。⑶ 于右膈肌处切开腹段食管的右侧系膜,完整切除腹段食管系膜,充分打开膈肌角,显露腹段食管,助手提起腹段食管,注意避免接触和挤压肿瘤;并沿腹段食管后壁分离至食管左侧腹膜,打开食管左侧腹膜使得其左右会师(

图1 解剖腹段食管和贲门后间隙 A:沿右侧膈肌脚打开膈肌裂孔;B:显露腹段食管及贲门后间隙
Figure 1 Dissection of the abdominal esophagus and retrocardia space A: Opening the diaphragmatic hiatus along the right crus; B: Exposure of the abdominal esophagus and retrocardia space

图2 拓展胃后间隙 A:胰后间隙与食管后间隙会合;B:沿Gerota筋膜前拓展胃后间隙;C:完成胃后间隙的拓展
Figure 2 Expanding the retrogastric space A: Confluence of the space behind the pancreas and the space behind the esophagus; B: Expanding the retrogastric space anteriorly along Gerota's fascia; C: Completion of expansion of the retrogastric space

图3 显露并离断胃短血管 A:充分显露胃短血管;B:离断胃短血管
Figure 3 Exposure and division of the short gastric vessels A: Adequate exposure of the short gastric vessels; B: Division of the short gastric vessels
记录两组患者手术时间、术中出血量(出血量以浸湿一块纱布条计算为5 mL,浸透为10 mL,如果出血量较大,以吸引器吸出血量加纱布条的浸血量计算)、医源性脾损伤、淋巴结清扫数目、术后引流量、排气时间、下床活动时间、住院时间、围手术期并发症情况。
两组患者性别、年龄、BMI、肿瘤直径、肿瘤位置、肿瘤分期、食管空肠吻合方式等一般资料比较差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)(
临床病理参数 | 研究组 (n=99) | 对照组 (n=97) | P | |
---|---|---|---|---|
性别[n(%)] | ||||
男 | 62(62.6) | 68(70.1) | 1.226 | 0.268 |
女 | 37(37.4) | 29(29.9) | ||
年龄(岁,) | 62.2±7.7 | 61.9±7.6 | 0.212 | 0.832 |
BMI [kg/ | 25(24~27) | 25(24~27) | -0.095 | 0.924 |
肿瘤直径[mm,M(IQR)] | 3(3~4) | 3(3~4) | -0.794 | 0.427 |
肿瘤位置[n(%)] | ||||
贲门 | 44(44.4) | 40(41.2) | 0.281 | 0.869 |
胃底 | 38(38.4) | 38(39.2) | ||
胃体 | 17(17.2) | 19(19.6) | ||
肿瘤分期[n(%)] | ||||
Ⅱ期 | 45(45.5) | 43(44.3) | 0.025 | 0.874 |
Ⅲ期 | 54(54.5) | 54(55.7) | ||
食管空肠吻合方[n(%)] | ||||
overlap吻合 | 22(22.2) | 19(19.6) | 0.206 | 0.650 |
π形吻合 | 77(77.8) | 78(80.4) |
研究组所有患者均顺利完成腹腔镜手术,无中转开腹病例。手术平均时间为(100.3±25.8)min;平均出血量为(29.0±15.4)mL,术中无脾脏损伤发生。对照组手术平均时间为(130.7±43.2)min;平均出血量为(129.0±15.4)min;术中发生脾脏上极损伤5例(5.2%),I级损伤程度2例,Ⅱ级损伤程度3例;其中4例压迫后成功止血,1例行脾动脉结扎成功止血。两组在淋巴结清扫数目、术后引流量、引流时间、术后住院时间、住院费用和手术并发症发生率方面,差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)(
临床观察指标 | 研究组(n=99) | 对照组 (n=97) | t/t'/Z | P |
---|---|---|---|---|
手术时间(min,) | 91.2±4.0 | 114.8±15.1 | -14.723 | 0.000 |
术中出血量(mL,) | 35.0±5.7 | 44.9±4.7 | -13.383 | 0.000 |
淋巴结清扫数目(枚,) | 31.4±3.5 | 30.7±2.9 | 1.544 | 0.123 |
首次下床时间[d,M(IQR)] | 2(1~2) | 3(3~4) | -0.099 | 0.921 |
首次排气时间[d,M(IQR)] | 3(3~4) | 3(3~4) | -0.076 | 0.939 |
引流时间(h,) | 4.9±0.6 | 4.9 ±0.5 | -0.573 | 0.568 |
术后住院时间(d,) | 7.0±0.8 | 7.0 ±0.6 | -0.080 | 0.937 |
研究组2例采用食管空肠π形吻合的患者术后5 d出现进食时有阻塞感,造影提示吻合口狭窄,经放置鼻肠管肠内营养2周后缓解。1例术后3 d发现引流管引流出乳糜样液体,送检提示为乳糜漏,延迟拔管,保守治疗后治愈。无吻合口瘘、吻合口出血及术后腹腔感染发生。并发症发生率3%。对照组术后3例食管空肠π形吻合的患者术后7 d出现进食时有阻塞感,造影提示吻合口狭窄,吻合口狭窄,经放置空肠营养管肠内营养2周后缓解。2例拔管后3 d出现低热,彩超及CT提示左上腹腔积液伴感染,经穿刺引流、抗感染治疗1周后缓解。无吻合口瘘、吻合口出血发生。并发症发生率5.2%。两组均无术后1个月内再住院、再手术和死亡病例(
组别 | n | 感染 | 出血 | 吻合口瘘 | 吻合口狭窄 | 乳糜漏 | 总并发症 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
研究组 | 99 | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | 2(2.0) | 1(1.0) | 3(3.0) |
对照组 | 97 | 2(2.1) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | 3(3.1) | 0(0.0) | 5(5.2) |
在近端胃癌手术中,尤其是腹腔镜手术中,对于肥胖和脾上级脾胃韧带非常短的患者,在处理这个部位时会遇到一定的困难,增加手术时
在腹腔镜手术中,术中出血是一个非常值得注重的问题,其直接影响手术的成功与否。在胃癌根治术中医源性脾损伤是术中出血较为常见的原因,约40%的脾切除术是由于医源性脾损伤引起的出血所
胃系膜在胚胎发育早期由腹侧系膜和背侧系膜共同演变而来,狭义的胃全系膜切除就是切除胃及其系膜内的淋巴、血管、神经组
综上所述,预先拓展胃后间隙的手术方法在腹腔镜近端胃癌根治术中应用,具有术中出血少,手术时间短,降低医源性脾损伤的优点。但本研究病例较少,随访时间较短,对患者生存率的影响还需进一步研究。
作者贡献声明
李雷负责实验设计,手术实施及论文撰写;马家驰负责文章修改和基金支持;张晨嵩、陈玉忠、杜军负责数据的收集;王庆康负责数据。
利益冲突
所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
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