摘要
乳腺癌是全球发病率最高的恶性肿瘤,是女性健康的重大威胁。伴随外科治疗、内科系统治疗、放射治疗及其他交叉学科的蓬勃发展,乳腺癌治疗已经从以“疾病”为核心转变为以“患者”为核心的多学科综合治疗(MDT)模式。促进乳腺肿瘤MDT的能力建设,优化医疗资源配置,实现基于多学科诊疗思维引导下乳腺癌诊疗技能提升及单病种个体精准化诊疗是未来的发展趋势。伴随MDT模式的内涵不断延伸及不断充实,患者的治疗策略也被不断优化,推动中国乳腺癌诊疗水平持续向最高点看齐。
乳腺癌是全球发病率最高的恶性肿瘤,是女性健康的重大威胁。2020年,全球乳腺癌新发病例位居各癌种首位,新发病例达226万例,占所有新发癌症的11.7%,死亡病例约68万,我国新发病例约42万,为中国女性癌症新发病例数之首,占整体女性恶性肿瘤的19.9
乳腺癌是一种恶性肿瘤疾病,具有病理类型复杂,治疗方式多元等特点。在20世纪70年代,Bernard Fisher和Edwin Fisher提出观点:乳腺癌是一种全身性疾
国家癌症中心/中国医学科学院肿瘤医院是国内最早遵从并开展指导临床实践MDT策略的肿瘤中心。早在20世纪80年代就开设了乳腺癌综合门诊并开展了综合查房,正式组建第一个MDT小组,确立人员架构和协作原则,明确疾病诊疗和临床教学两个主要任务,制定相关细则、规范、流程,保证MDT的高效运作,取得了很好的效果。发展至今,乳腺癌MDT形成了“跨学科”“跨地域”两大特色。2016年3月,国家卫健委、国家中医药管理局联合印发《关于加强肿瘤规范化诊疗管理工作的通知》(国卫办医发〔2016〕7号),就加强肿瘤规范化诊疗管理工作提出要求,2018年8月乳腺癌率先推行了“单病种、多学科”诊治模式,成立国家肿瘤规范化诊疗质控中心及26个省级肿瘤性疾病质控中
鉴于乳腺癌诊断、分期、管理的动态演变和不断完善,治疗方案逐渐更新迭代。目前,乳腺癌患者的多学科管理需要各科专家之间的有效沟通,为患者制订最佳治疗策

图1 乳腺癌MDT的临床实践流程图
Figure 1 Clinical practice process diagram of breast cancer MDT
病理科在实现乳腺癌精准诊断、指导临床治疗、评估新辅助治疗疗效及指导患者预后方面具有重要作用。病理科通过参与MDT讨论,能帮助临床科室更深入地解读肿瘤的病理生物学特性,尤其对于罕见肿瘤类型,同时也能更深入了解当下的临床需求及治疗的瓶颈,从而拓展专业知识领域,引进新的检测技术,扩大检测范围,使病理诊断更具有针对
作为MDT团队中诊断的重要角色之一,影像学贯穿于乳腺癌的早诊筛
MDT也给影像科医生提供了难得的学习机会,通过其他科室专家对疾病的讲解和讨论,能学到影像学以外的知识,对某种疾病有一个综合的、全方位地认识,从而在今后的工作中有的放矢,能在影像报告中为临床和患者提供更有价值的信息。MDT还能为影像科医生提供科研思路,影像学的科研不是闭门造车,而是需要熟知临床需求,为满足临床更好的诊治而进行的科研,植根于临床的影像学研究才更有价值。
乳腺外科作为早期乳腺癌患者接触的首个科室,在早期乳腺癌患者的治疗中担当了主导作
在系统全程的管理理念及多学科合作的背景下,乳腺癌手术已逐步走向“至简至臻”模
对于乳腺癌晚期患者,乳腺外科需要进行初步接诊,对患者进行初步的基线评估。根据患者的检查情况、病理诊断,进行相应的治疗方案的制定(化疗、靶向治疗、内分泌治疗、放疗、手术等)及患者的分流。如需要进行解救化疗的患者,与MDT团队中乳腺内科医生合作,制定化疗方案,转诊内科进行化疗。并对患者在治疗过程中的疗效进行及时评估,并判断需要外科手术介入的时
随着现在乳腺癌治愈率的提高,女性患者对于术后生活质量和美容效果的要求日益提高。随着规范化综合诊疗的推广和大分割等放疗技术的发展,我国早期乳腺癌患者保乳比例日益提高。当肿瘤较大、肿瘤乳腺体积比例较高以及肿瘤位于特殊位置时,进行传统保乳手术往往会造成乳房变形,从而降低患者的满意度和生活质量。保乳整形手术能够把整形外科技术应用至传统保乳手术中,具体方法分为容量移位和容量替代两大类,扩大了保乳手术的适应证,使患者获得更好的乳房外形从而提高生活质
在乳腺癌的治疗中,外科依然起到不可或缺的重要作用。外科作为乳腺癌患者的初诊科室,在乳腺癌患者的确诊、分流、治疗方案制定、协调各个科室、疗效评估、决定手术介入时机、术后随诊等各个方面均有重要作用,在患者的综合管理方面起到全程的管理者的作用。
内科治疗贯穿乳腺癌整个治疗过程,在乳腺癌新辅助治疗、辅助治疗、晚期治疗中扮演重要角色。内科在系统治疗中除关注患者疗效外,更重要的是与各科室如病理、分子实验室等协作,促进基础转化研究的发展,寻找潜在的治疗及耐药靶点等,提高疗效及改善患者生存。
新辅助治疗可使肿瘤降期、缩瘤、探索药物治疗敏感性进一步优化术后治疗策略,新辅助治疗的进步是外科术式不断发展的基础。研
晚期乳腺癌以内科系统治疗为主,内科医生需根据患者具体病理、年龄、有无合并基础病、经济状况、治疗不良反应等制定全程管理方
放疗是乳腺癌MDT的重要组成部分,是降低保乳手术和高危乳房切除手术患者复发并延长生存的重要措施,也是转移性乳腺癌患者的重要姑息局部治疗手段。MDT为放疗信息传播和专业领域发展提供了良好的沟通支持平台。在乳腺癌治疗实践中,放疗通常不作为首诊科室而处于主要治疗的“下游”阶段。放疗方案制定和临床决策很大程度取决于疗前分期检查、“上游”治疗方式和疗效反应。放疗团队参与MDT,既可以通过沟通交流使其他专业同行了解放疗的考量和关注点,完善“上游”诊疗流程,齐力消除潜在困境;又可以准确了解患者疾病全貌,对有适应证的病例直接提出建议,评估放疗介入时机和风险,从而实现提高疗效、降低损伤、改善生活质量的共同目
近年来,乳腺癌放疗领域取得长足进展,正朝着疗程更短、损伤更小和治疗更精准的方向不断迈进。早期乳腺癌保乳术后15~16分次的中等分割方案已逐步取代传统25~28分次的常规分割方案,成为全乳放疗的标准治
目前,国内放疗的应用和技术革新仍有很大进步空间。与发达国家相比,放疗在MDT中的优势和作用没有充分得到发挥,存在保乳治疗率低,大分割放疗、立体定向放疗使用不足等问题。因此,放疗意识和放疗技术需要进一步在国内推广探索。
乳腺癌MDT是各学科及交叉学科独立、协同发展的必然产物,贯穿乳腺癌诊疗全流程,MDT诊疗模式充分体现了“单病种、多学科”的诊疗特色。但由于各区域中心发展不一、各学科专业间沟通、专家资源储备等问题,目前MDT发展仍面临现实困境。
一项基于13 722例乳腺癌患者的英国研究通过对比MDT实施前后的患者结局,认为MDT提高了患者的生存、减少了地区间诊治水平的差异。然而,总体上,患者能“享受”MDT待遇的比例相对低。一个基于美国SEER数据库的研究,纳入88 865例老年医保乳腺癌患者,治疗前接受MDT讨论的比例不足3%,同一天完成MDT会诊的不到15%。这从侧面反映了在医疗资源可得性低的人群,更需要多学科的方案定制,使得低收入患者也能获得完整合理的治
目前,乳腺癌的诊疗已逐步进入以“患者”为核心的MDT模式。MDT应将以患者为中心贯穿始终,在决策过程中应考虑患者的态度、治疗偏好、心理等,提高MDT决策的可执行性,在MDT后应对诊疗决策的落实、患者转归等进行跟踪评价,可将患者报告结局(patient reported outcome,PRO)纳入MDT质量管理评
所有作者贡献声明:马飞对文章的完整性和分析的准确性负责。马飞、王佳妮设计并指导了本项工作。王佳妮,欧开萍,车树楠,陈偲晔,刘嘉琦和郭嫦媛完成了不同学科内容板块的初稿写作。所有作者都同意稿件的最终版本。
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