摘要
胃肠道恶性肿瘤的主要治疗方法仍是外科手术辅以放化疗,但术后高复发率和5年低生存率等特点成为影响患者生命健康的重大问题。相对于外科手术辅以放化疗的传统常规疗法,新辅助治疗是将放疗、化疗、介入治疗、靶向治疗、免疫治疗等前移至手术前的治疗方式,具有提高根治率、延长生存时间和改善生存质量等优良特点。由于胃肠道恶性肿瘤患者难以通过传统常规疗法显著延长生存期,近年来,新辅助治疗所展现的优势在各种恶性肿瘤的治疗中愈发明显,逐渐纳入最新权威诊疗指南的推荐治疗标准。免疫检查点抑制剂(ICIs)是一类通过阻断免疫检查点来激活免疫系统攻击肿瘤细胞的新型抗肿瘤免疫治疗药物,包括程序性细胞死亡蛋白1(PD-1)及其配体(PD-L1)抑制剂与细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关蛋白4(CTAL-4)抑制剂,其研发和应用给无数恶性肿瘤患者带来生命的曙光,在医学肿瘤领域具有划时代的意义。ICIs已经在胃肠道恶性肿瘤的综合治疗中得到广泛应用,化疗免疫组合治疗和免疫治疗更是在晚期不可切除/转移性胃肠道恶性肿瘤患者中展现出显著的效果,并且成为晚期胃肠道恶性肿瘤患者进行一、二线治疗的选择之一,从而为ICIs新辅助治疗在局部进展期可切除/潜在可切除胃肠道恶性肿瘤患者中的应用提供了良好的机遇。近期的Ⅰ/Ⅱ期临床研究结果表明,以ICIs为基础的新辅助免疫疗法在胃肠道恶性肿瘤治疗中极具潜力,患者的肿瘤分期明显降低、病理学缓解率和完全切除率显著提升、安全性可控,但生存时间仍然需要进一步观察,更多的Ⅲ期研究或将阐明ICIs在胃肠道恶性肿瘤新辅助治疗中的应用效果。笔者就ICIs在胃肠道恶性肿瘤新辅助治疗中的临床应用现状、最新临床研究结果和可能的作用机制等方面进行分析和讨论。
胃肠道恶性肿瘤是目前世界范围内发病率和病死率较高的恶性肿瘤,2020年全世界胃癌(gastric cancer,GC)和结直肠癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)的新发患者数为302万例,死亡总数为171万例,GC的发病率与病死率分别位于世界第五和第四,CRC的发病率与病死率分别位于世界第三和第
近些年来,免疫治疗作为一种新型疗法逐渐被人们所关注。临床研究表明,免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitors,ICIs)的新辅助治疗对比辅助治疗可以使黑色素瘤、神经胶质瘤患者得到更佳的生存时间获
随着对新辅助治疗的重视,研究人员开展了多项将ICIs应用于恶性肿瘤新辅助治疗中的研究探索。CheckMate-816(NCT02998528)研
临床研究表明ICIs联合化疗可以显著改善不可切除、转移性或晚期的胃/GEJ腺癌、人表皮生长因子受体2(human epidermal growth factor receptor 2,HER-2)阴性/阳性GC患者的预后。2020年的一项随机、开放的Ⅲ期研究(CheckMate-649
临床研究表明ICIs单药和双药可以显著改善晚期不可切除或转移性MSI-H/dMMR CRC患者的预后。CA209142(CheckMate-142;NCT02060188
最近一项关于GC新辅助免疫治疗的荟萃分
研究 | 研究设计 | 纳入病例 | 入组人数 | 患者分期 | 主要终点 | 次要终点 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
KEYNOTE-585(NCT03221426 | 多中心、随机、双盲 | GC/GEJ癌 | 800 | cT3-4或N+和M0 | EFS、OS、pCR | DFS、安全性 |
NCT0561033 | 多中心、随机 | GC | 216 | cT2-4a和/或N+和M0 | ORR | R0切除率、OS、DFS等 |
NCT0420834 | 多中心、随机 | GC/GEJ癌 | 580 | cT3-4N+M0 | MPR | pCR、R0切除率、OS等 |
MATTERHORN(NCT04592913 | 多中心、随机、双盲 | GC/GEJ癌 | 900 | cT1N2-3或cT2N+或cT3-4Nx和M0 | EFS | OS、pCR |
NCT0413913 | 多中心、随机、双盲 | GC | 642 | cT3-4N1-3M0 | EFS | DFS、pCR、5年OS |
NCT0527082 | RCT | GC | 120 | cT2-4或N+和M0 |
治疗前后肿瘤组织及癌旁组织中CD | ORR、DFS、OS等 |
注: XP=卡培他滨+顺铂;FP=5-氟尿嘧啶+顺铂;FLOT=氟尿嘧啶、亚叶酸、奥沙利铂和多西紫杉醇;SOX=替吉奥和奥沙利铂;HLX10=重组抗PD-1人源化单克隆抗体注射液
Note: XP=capecitabine + cisplatin; FP=5-fluorouracil + cisplatin; FLOT=fluorouracil, leucovorin, oxaliplatin, and docetaxel; SOX=S-1 and oxaliplatin; HLX10=recombinant anti-PD-1 humanized monoclonal antibody injection
研究 | 术前新辅助治疗 | ||
---|---|---|---|
试验组 | 对照组 | 周期数 | |
KEYNOTE-585(NCT03221426 | K药+FLOT或XP或FP | FLOT或XP或FP+安慰剂 | 3 |
NCT0561033 |
免疫激活试验组:卡瑞丽珠单抗+白蛋白紫杉醇; 免疫沉默试验组:卡瑞丽珠单抗+ FLOT |
免疫激活对照组:FLOT; 免疫沉默对照组:FLOT | 研究者决定 |
NCT0420834 | SOXA:阿帕替尼+SOX;SOXAP:卡瑞丽珠单抗+阿帕替尼+SOX | SOX | 3 |
MATTERHORN(NCT04592913 | 度伐利尤单抗+FLOT | FLOT | 2 |
NCT0413913 | HLX10+SOX | SOX+安慰剂 | 3 |
NCT0527082 | PD-1抑制剂+白蛋白紫杉醇+塞吉奥,然后进行根治性手术 | 白蛋白紫杉醇+塞吉奥,然后进行根治性手术 | 研究者决定 |
注: XP=卡培他滨+顺铂;FP=5-氟尿嘧啶+顺铂;FLOT=氟尿嘧啶、亚叶酸、奥沙利铂和多西紫杉醇;SOX=替吉奥和奥沙利铂;HLX10=重组抗PD-1人源化单克隆抗体注射液
Note: XP=capecitabine + cisplatin; FP=5-fluorouracil + cisplatin; FLOT=fluorouracil, leucovorin, oxaliplatin, and docetaxel; SOX=S-1 and oxaliplatin; HLX10=recombinant anti-PD-1 humanized monoclonal antibody injection
一项Ⅱ期试验研究(Neo-PLANET;NCT03631615
NEONIPIGA(NCT04006262
梅奥诊所(Mayo clinic)开展了一项前瞻性、单臂Ib/Ⅱ期试验研究(NCT02730546
最近一项关于CRC新辅助免疫治疗的单中心真实世界队列研
研究 | 研究设计 | 纳入病例 | 入组人数 | 患者分期 | 主要终点 | 次要终点 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NCT0492880 | 多中心、RCT | 直肠癌 | 230 | cT3-4和或N+ | pCR | OS、DFS、R0切除率等 |
STELLAR Ⅱ(NCT05484024 | 多中心、RCT | 直肠癌 | 588 | cT3-T4N0M0/cT2-4N+M0 | pCR、cCR、DFS | OS、R0切除率 |
NCT0521537 | 多中心、随机 | 微卫星稳定超低位直肠癌 | 180 | cT1-3aN0-1M0 | cCR | 器官保存率 |
NCT0575213 | 多中心、RCT | 微卫星稳定中低位直肠癌 | 108 | cT2-4aN+M0和cT3/T4aN0M0 | pCR | TRG、OS、PFS等 |
注: CAPOX=卡培他滨和奥沙利铂;mFOLFOX=氟尿嘧啶、奥沙利铂、亚叶酸钙
Note: CAPOX=capecitabine + oxaliplatin; mFOLFOX=fluorouracil, oxaliplatin, and calcium leucovorin
研究 | 术前新辅助治疗 | ||
---|---|---|---|
试验组 | 对照组 | 周期数 | |
NCT0492880 | 短程放疗序贯卡瑞丽珠单抗和CAPOX | 长期cCRT和序贯CAPOX | 3 |
STELLAR Ⅱ(NCT05484024 | 短程放疗序贯信迪利单抗和CAPOX或mFOLFOX,然后对cCR的自愿患者进行TME或观察等待 | 短程放疗序贯CAPOX或mFOLFOX,然后对cCR的自愿患者进行TME或观察等待 | 4 |
NCT0521537 | 放化疗+信迪利单抗注射液 | 放化疗 | 4 |
NCT0575213 | 短程放疗+恩沃利单抗联合CAPOX,然后进行TME | 短程放疗+CAPOX,然后进行TME | 2 |
注: CAPOX=卡培他滨和奥沙利铂;mFOLFOX=氟尿嘧啶、奥沙利铂、亚叶酸钙
Note: CAPOX=capecitabine + oxaliplatin; mFOLFOX=fluorouracil, oxaliplatin, and calcium leucovorin
广州中山大学开展了一项开放标签、单臂、Ⅱ 期研究(NCT04304209
NICHE-2研
多项Ⅱ期临床研究的生存期数据仍在随访中,难以评价ICIs新辅助治疗对局部进展期CRC患者生存时间的影响。不过,近期中山大学肿瘤防治中心开展了一项多中心真实世界队列研
ICONIC是一项单臂Ⅱ期试验(NCT03399071
ICIs是肿瘤免疫治疗的主要方法。在免疫检查点阻断(immune checkpoint blockade,ICB)方法中,最突出的两种方法是阻断细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关蛋白4(CTLA-4或CD152)和PD-1或CD279与PD-L1或CD274或B7-H1之间的相互作
目前,以ICIs为基础的多种化疗免疫组合疗法已经被批准用于不可切除、转移性或晚期GC的一线治疗,以ICIs为基础的单双免疫治疗已经被批准用于不可切除、转移性或晚期MSI-H/dMMR CRC的一线治疗,并且多个大型Ⅲ期临床研究显示出ICIs联合化疗与单双ICIs的治疗效果优于单纯化疗。鉴于此,众多研究人员开始探索是否可以将ICIs应用到局部进展期可切除/潜在可切除胃肠道恶性肿瘤的新辅助治疗中,最新的多项Ⅱ期临床试验结果表明,ICIs新辅助治疗可以使胃肠道恶性肿瘤患者得到显著获益,降低患者的肿瘤分期,提高R0切除率和pCR率,安全性良好。然而,这些Ⅱ期临床研究和Ⅲ期GC临床研究(KEYNOTE-585)并没有证实这种治疗方法可以给患者带来生存获益,其原因可能是Ⅱ期临床研究样本量过少和随访时间过短,Ⅲ期临床研究数量匮乏。随着多项大样本Ⅲ期临床研究(NCT04208347、NCT04139135、MATTERHORN、STELLAR Ⅱ)的进展,或将阐明ICIs在胃肠道恶性肿瘤患者新辅助治疗中的应用效果,ICIs新辅助治疗在胃肠道恶性肿瘤患者中的应用前景值得期待。
作者贡献声明
杜晓宇负责文稿写作;杨佳兴、程允华、李路遥和马尚负责收集复习文献;范瑞芳、许淑梅、宋雷和许威负责校对及修改;阎龙负责指导审阅文章。
利益冲突
所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
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