摘要
腹主动脉瘤腔内修复术(EVAR)以其微创且术后恢复快的优势,已成为腹主动脉瘤(AAA)的首选治疗。髂支闭塞(ILO)是EVAR术后常见并发症,但其处理存在很多难点。因此,本文探讨EVAR术后ILO的治疗策略及其危险因素。
14例患者行腔内或杂交手术治疗的平均手术时间(183.9±32.6)min,术中出血量(187.1±70.2)mL。10例经杂交手术取栓恢复腔内血流,2例杂交手术失败后行双侧股动脉人造血管旁路术,2例采用吸栓导管行经皮机械血栓清除术恢复腔内血流。清除髂支内血栓后,对髂支及远端髂外动脉(EIA)残余狭窄性病变行球囊扩张及支架成形术。术后所有患者下肢缺血症状完全缓解。随访期,所有患者未再发下肢缺血症状。单因素分析显示,EIA起始端直径(P=0.045)、髂动脉扭曲≥60°(P=0.003)、髂动脉狭窄≥50%(P=0.007)、髂支远端锚定于EIA(P=0.015)、髂支远端放大率≥15%(P=0.028)等因素与EVAR术后ILO的发生有关。
腹主动脉瘤腔内修复术(endovascular aneurysm repair,EVAR)以其微创且术后恢复快的优势,已成为腹主动脉瘤(abdominal aortic aneurysm,AAA)的首选治
本组统计海南省人民医院血管外科2013年8月—2022年8月间AAA分体式支架EVAR治疗病例,总计448例,其中13例(2.9%)术后出现ILO,另有1例为外院EVAR,术后6个月出现ILO。本组共14例ILO病例,均为单侧,左侧5例,右侧9例,术前经计算机体层成像血管造影(computed tomography angiography,CTA)检查确诊。髂支远端锚定于髂总动脉2例、髂外动脉(external iliac artery,EIA)12例。中位发生时间为EVAR术后76 d,其中急性期ILO(≤EVAR术后30 d)6例、慢性期ILO(>EVAR术后30 d)8例。下肢急性缺血症状有下肢疼痛、麻木、发绀及运动障碍,慢性缺血症状主要为间歇性跛行。各腹主动脉支架移植物使用及ILO发生情况有Endurant(美国美敦力)3.1%(11/358)、Ankura(深圳先健)3.6%(3/82)、Minors(上海微创心脉)0(0/9)。以发生ILO的病例作为研究组,以同期非ILO的EVAR病例作为对照组,对照组髂动脉的相关测量数据以主体短腿侧作为依据。
再次EVAR、炎性AAA、急诊EVAR(例如破裂AAA)以及非标准EVAR,例如同期行股动脉人造血管转流、内脏区分支重建以及髂内分支重建等病例,均被排除本研究。
⑴ 杂交手术治疗:首先穿刺左侧肱动脉并置鞘,导丝引导导管头端至腹主动脉覆膜支架主体内,进行腹主动脉造影了解ILO及闭塞段远端髂股动脉显影情况。然后,切开患侧股动脉,导丝通过ILO段,沿导丝导入Fogarty双腔取栓导管(美国爱德华),透视引导下进行取栓,取栓后发现髂支内或髂支近、远端有狭窄性病变,进行球囊扩张(必要时双侧),并以金属裸支架(bare metal stent,BMS)或外周覆膜支架覆盖病变。⑵ 腔内治疗:按上述方法进行腹主动脉造影,8 F Rotarex吸栓导管(瑞士史卓博)经患肢股动脉穿刺鞘置入,进行经皮机械血栓清除术(percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy,PMT
患者分别在出院时或术后1、3、6、12个月及以后每年进行随访,随访内容包括下肢缺血症状,行走距离,行彩超或主动脉CTA检查观察双侧髂支移植物有无再狭窄、血栓形成,并根据患者下肢症状、血压、血糖、血脂情况调整用药等。
14例患者(包括2例二期行人造血管转流)腔内或杂交治疗的平均手术时间(183.9±32.6)min,术中出血量(187.1±70.2)mL。10例患者经杂交手术恢复腔内血流(

图1 男性患者,EVAR术后6个月出现左侧下肢间歇性跛行,考虑左侧ILO A:术前腹主动脉CTA;B:术中腹主动脉造影;C:导丝导管通过左侧ILO段;D:5.5 F Fogarty取栓,导管通过髂支近端时受压变形,提示髂支近端重度狭窄;E:对髂支内病变段进行球囊扩张;F:髂支近端植入自膨式BMS;G:造影显示左侧髂支恢复正常血流;H:出院时复查主动脉CTA显示腹主动脉双侧髂动脉管腔无明显狭窄
Figure 1 A male patient presented with intermittent claudication in the left lower limb 6 months after EVAR, indicating left-sided ILO A: Preoperative abdominal aortic CTA; B: Intraoperative abdominal aortic angiography; C: Guidewire catheter passing through the left-sided ILO segment; D: 5.5 F Fogarty thrombectomy catheter being compressed and deformed when passing through the proximal iliac limb, indicating severe stenosis at the proximal iliac limb; E: Balloon dilation of the diseased segment in the iliac limb; F: Self-expanding BMS implanted in the proximal iliac limb; G: Angiography showing normal blood flow in the left iliac limb; H: Abdominal aortic CTA before discharge showing no significant stenosis in the lumens of both iliac arteries

图2 男性患者,EVAR术后3个月出现右侧下肢间歇性跛行,考虑右侧ILO A:术前腹主动脉CTA;B:术中腹主动脉造影;C:导丝通过右侧ILO段;D:8 F Rotarex导管进行PMT;E:对髂支内及EIA病变段进行球囊扩张;F:髂支近端植入自膨式BMS,远端植入外周覆膜支架;G:造影显示右侧髂支恢复正常血流;H:出院时复查主动脉CTA显示腹主动脉双侧髂动脉管腔无明显狭窄
Figure 2 A male patient presented with intermittent claudication in the right lower limb 3 months after EVAR, indicating right-sided ILO A: Preoperative abdominal aortic CTA; B: Intraoperative abdominal aortic angiography; C: Guidewire passing through the right-sided ILO segment; D: 8 F Rotarex catheter performing PMT; E: Balloon dilation of the diseased segments in the iliac limb and EIA; F: Self-expanding BMS implanted in the proximal iliac limb, and a peripheral covered stent implanted in the distal segment; G: Angiography showing normal blood flow in the right iliac limb; H: Abdominal aortic CTA before discharge showing no significant stenosis in the lumens of both iliac arteries
14例患者均通过门诊定期随诊,目前均已超过1年,中位随访时间62.5(13~114)个月,随访期间,所有患者均无明显下肢缺血症状,彩超或主动脉CTA检查显示支架或人造血管均血流通畅,无死亡病例。
ILO组与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义的因素有:EIA起始端直径(P=0.045)、髂动脉扭曲≥60°(P=0.003)、髂动脉狭窄≥50%(P=0.007)、髂支远端锚定于EIA(P=0.015)、髂支远端放大率≥15%(P=0.028),提示与EVAR术后ILO发生有关(
项目 | ILO组 (n=14) | 对照组 (n=435) | P |
---|---|---|---|
年龄(岁,) | 71.0±5.4 | 70.1±7.3 | 0.910 |
男性[n(%)] | 12(85.7) | 310(71.3) | 0.240 |
高血压[n(%)] | 14(100) | 367(84.4) | 0.110 |
冠心病[n(%)] | 5(35.7) | 136(31.3) | 0.720 |
高脂血症[n(%)] | 10(71.4) | 261(60.0) | 0.390 |
糖尿病[n(%)] | 2(14.3) | 76(17.5) | 0.760 |
慢性阻塞性肺病[n(%)] | 3(21.4) | 103(23.7) | 0.850 |
慢性肾功能衰竭[n(%)] | 2(14.3) | 96(22.1) | 0.490 |
外周动脉疾病[n(%)] | 3(21.4) | 65(14.9) | 0.510 |
脑血管疾病[n(%)] | 2(14.3) | 48(11.0) | 0.700 |
吸烟[n(%)] | 6(42.9) | 130(29.9) | 0.300 |
抗血小板治疗[n(%)] | 1(7.1) | 21(4.8) | 0.690 |
瘤颈直径(mm,) | 20.3±3.4 | 21.8±4.5 | 0.510 |
瘤颈长度(mm,) | 25.2±3.6 | 23.0±5.5 | 0.470 |
瘤颈角度(°,) | 47.2±15.1 | 39.1±19.6 | 0.160 |
瘤体最大直径(mm,) | 51.3±7.1 | 52.5±8.0 | 0.870 |
瘤体长度(mm,) | 105.5±10.9 | 98.4±12.3 | 0.750 |
腹主动脉末端直径(mm,) | 17.0±4.7 | 19.2±6.1 | 0.060 |
髂总动脉直径(mm,) | 13.2±8.4 | 15.1±5.9 | 0.220 |
髂总动脉长度(mm,) | 64.3±7.0 | 68.4±11.9 | 0.560 |
EIA起始端直径(mm,) | 7.3±1.2 | 8.9±2.6 | 0.045 |
髂动脉扭曲≥60°[n(%)] | 11(78.6) | 168(38.6) | 0.003 |
髂动脉狭窄≥50%[n(%)] | 8(57.1) | 109(25.1) | 0.007 |
主体交叉腿[n(%)] | 3(21.4) | 97(22.3) | 0.940 |
髂支总长度(mm,) | 155.3±32.2 | 145.6±36.5 | 0.560 |
同侧使用2枚及以上髂支[n(%)] | 9(64.3) | 190(43.7) | 0.130 |
髂支远端锚定于EIA[n(%)] | 12(85.7) | 230(52.9) | 0.015 |
髂支远端放大率≥15%[n(%)] | 9(64.3) | 155(35.6) | 0.028 |
既往研
ILO相关症状包括间歇性跛行、静息痛、急性下肢缺血等。无论临床表现如何,多数情况下,ILO需要通过手术、腔内或杂交方法重新干预。尽管这些方法很有效,但显然这一并发症,应该在初次进行EVAR术中积极预
急性期发病的ILO,临床症状较重,往往通过血管造影进行影像学评估,结合文
针对上述危险因素,EVAR术中以下细
慢性期起病的ILO,术前往往通过主动脉CTA进行影像学评估,除上述急性期ILO考虑的危险因素以外,患者不恰当的体位、EVAR术后髂支远端髂股动脉狭窄性病变继续加重,或髂支不能适应盆腔血管的走行,其远端与宿主EIA长期相互作用导致髂支远端与自体血管接口处狭窄等,都是ILO的病
针对急性或慢性期ILO治疗,笔者早期均采用杂交手术。切开患侧股动脉,导丝通过髂支病变段,沿导丝导入取栓导管进行取栓,取栓后在Fogarty球囊充盈的情况下探查整个髂支内是否存在狭窄性病变,如有,则进行球囊扩张支架成形等相应处理。本组最近2例ILO采用PMT治疗,以8 F Rotarex导管抽吸血栓后,造影显示髂支内仍有附壁血栓,以5.5 F Fogarty导管将髂支内血栓拉至髂支下段,再植入外周覆膜支架并将支架远端延伸至髂支远端EIA,同时也将血栓隔离于外周覆膜支架与髂支之间,以避免血栓脱落造成垃圾脚。该方法最大的优点是微创,这是股动脉切开所无法比拟
本组14例ILO病例的治疗均取得较好的临床效果,未出现严重并发症,在清除血栓的同时发现潜在的基础病因,为后续的腔内治疗创造条件。术后分析ILO的病因,1例考虑为瘤颈扭曲同时伴有瘤体后壁斑块压迫导致髂支近端狭窄,术中前后位造影未能提前发现病变。1例考虑为患侧髂总动脉开口处狭窄。2例行解剖外人造血管旁路术的患者考虑为髂支远端放大率≥15%,1例外院病例将远端13 mm的髂支锚定于EIA,所以干预时越置入支架越堵。4例为髂支远端及EIA的闭塞,原因主要为髂支远端锚定于EIA扭曲处或EIA狭窄性病变。有6例考虑髂支近远端均存在狭窄的病例,主要病因应该还是髂支远端病变,术中用Fogarty球囊探查整个髂支的管腔通畅性,发现其他位置也存在狭窄,所以一期处理,减少后期再干预率。
综上所述,腔内或杂交治疗是EVAR术后ILO的首选治疗。随着AAA患者基数增加,EVAR相关并发症亦逐年增多,关注ILO的危险因素,并在EVAR方案设计和操作时予以考虑并积极预防,是保证EVAR治疗质量的重点。
作者贡献声明
戚悠飞负责实施研究、起草文章;王惠暄负责数据分析;刘飒华、陈浩、张文波、吴鸿飞、刘震东、许语阳负责实施研究、采集数据;肖占祥负责设计指导研究;李振振负责设计指导研究,对文章专业性内容作批评性审阅和修改。
利益冲突
所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
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