摘要
甲状腺癌是全球范围内发病率不断上升的恶性肿瘤之一,其中甲状腺乳头状癌(PTC)和甲状腺髓样癌(MTC)有时可发生上纵隔淋巴转移,虽仍属区域转移,但是病期较晚的表现之一,容易漏诊漏治。对于常见的PTC和MTC,彻底清扫中央区、颈侧区和少见的上纵隔淋巴结转移(SMLNM)显著提高了无病生存率。在解剖学上,甲状腺有着广泛的引流淋巴管网,其中腺内淋巴网通过甲状腺峡部连同两侧腺叶,而腺外淋巴则引流至纵隔淋巴结。目前尚无专门的成熟的甲状腺癌SMLNM分区,因此参考借鉴肺癌分区成为一种常见做法。甲状腺癌SMLNM最常见的区域为2R、2L区,而4R、3a区则相对少见。SMLNM的发病率从不等幅的0.7%到48.1%,PTC的纵隔淋巴结转移率约为6%~12%,而MTC更容易发生淋巴结转移,转移率可高达18%左右。临床上,SMLNM往往无明显症状,常通过影像学检查或肿瘤标志物检测发现。超声检查难以发现SMLNM,颈胸部增强CT的典型表现为强化、钙化、囊性变、外侵等;增强MRI、PET
近几十年来,虽然甲状腺癌的发病率在全球范围内持续上
甲状腺有广泛的引流淋巴管网,包括腺内和腺外。腺内淋巴网通过甲状腺峡部连同两侧腺叶。甲状腺峡部和腺体下极的腺外淋巴由气管前和气管旁(气管食管沟)引流至纵隔淋巴结。目前尚无专门的成熟的甲状腺癌SMLNM分区,仍参考借鉴肺癌分区:高位气管旁淋巴结:⑴ 2R区气管右侧,左无名静脉下缘与气管左侧壁交叉处上缘的上方淋巴结;⑵ 2L区气管左侧,主动脉弓上方淋巴结。低位气管旁淋巴结:⑴ 4R区气管右侧,左无名静脉下缘的下方至隆突/奇静脉水平淋巴结;⑵ 4L区气管左侧主动脉弓上缘至左肺动脉上缘/隆突水平淋巴结。前纵隔淋巴结:3a区纵隔大血管前方淋巴结,包括胸腺区。后纵隔淋巴结:3p区气管后方淋巴结(

图1 部分上纵隔淋巴结示意
Figure 1 Schematic diagram of partial upper mediastinal lymph node
SMLNM仍属区域转移,是病期较晚的表现之一。文
韩国前瞻性研
SMLNM本身一般无明显症状,多因为术后肿瘤标志物下降不理想,颈胸部增强计算机断层扫描(contrast-enhanced computed tomography,CE-CT)、核磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)、正电子发射计算机断层成像(positron emission tomography/CT,PET/CT)
甲状腺癌发生SMLNM时,超声检查由于胸骨的遮挡往往难以发现,但颈胸部增强CT及三维重建等检查可以发现淋巴结强化、钙化、囊性变、外侵等典型转移表现。进行安全、规范和彻底的手术仍是获得良好疗效的关
131I-WBS和18-氟-脱氧葡萄糖
PET/CT检查是检测降钙素、癌胚抗原(CEA)升高的MTC患者转移的一种高度敏感且无创的方法。其敏感度超过其他影像学检查(超声、MRI、CT
在MTC中,区域淋巴结转移需要再次积极外科治
甲状腺癌上纵隔淋巴结清扫术(superior mediastinal lymph nodal dissection,SMLND)是甲状腺癌SMLNM的首选治疗方
上纵隔淋巴结术前评估为阴性,是否需要进行SMLND仍存在争议,Kikumori
甲状腺癌SMLND的手术原则为:在保证手术安全的前提下尽可能一期完成R0切除,以达到解剖治愈和生化治愈。Ito
SMLND需由经验丰富的外科医生进行。SMLNM最常见的区域为2R、2L区,多数可通过经颈部入路顺利完成清扫。少数情况下,如低位广泛转移或严重侵犯周围大血管等需要劈开胸骨或借助腔镜辅助或联合胸腔镜手
中国医学科学院肿瘤医院刘杰
围手术期应避免出现大血管撕裂、气管和食管损伤、神经损伤(霍纳综合征等)、纵隔感染、胸腔积液、乳糜胸、血
尽管甲状腺癌转移至上纵隔的患者预后相对较差,但由经验丰富的甲状腺或头颈外科专科医师采用适合患者的个体化手术入路及方案,必要时联合胸心外科,进行上纵隔转移灶的彻底清扫,并防止严重并发症,仍可明显改善患者预后,提高患者生活质量。
作者贡献声明
顾晓辉负责收集复习文献、撰写与修改文稿;樊友本负责指导审阅文章。
利益冲突
所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
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