摘要
溶质载体家族2成员1(SLC2A1)基因编码的葡萄糖转运蛋白1(GLUT1)与糖酵解途径密切相关,而糖酵解是恶性肿瘤供能的主要生理途径,因此,SLC2A1可能与多种恶性肿瘤的发生发展有关。鉴于SLC2A1在肝细胞癌(HCC)中的表达及生物学功能并不完全清楚,本研究通过生物信息学方法和临床研究探讨SLC2A1在HCC中的表达及意义。
从癌症基因组图谱数据库(TCGA)下载HCC患者的RNA-seq数据与临床信息,分析SLC2A1在HCC中的表达、预后价值,以及对不同SLC2A1表达水平HCC患者差异表达基因做富集分析和相关性分析。收集江苏省苏北人民医院80例临床HCC患者的手术标本与临床病理资料,分析SLC2A1在HCC中的表达情况,以及SLC2A1表达水平与患者临床病理特征、预后的关系,并筛选影响患者预后的独立危险因素。
TCGA数据库分析结果显示,SLC2A1 mRNA在HCC中高表达,并且高表达患者的总生存期(HR=2.50,95% CI=1.76~3.56,P<0.001)、疾病特异性生存期(HR=2.13,95% CI=1.34~3.37,P=0.001)和无复发间期(HR=1.42,95% CI=1.05~1.93,P=0.025)均明显差于低表达患者;其表达水平与RNA甲基化、免疫细胞浸润程度有关(均P<0.05)。80例患者临床病理资料的比较分析结果显示,SLC2A1蛋白在HCC组织中的表达明显高于癌旁组织(P<0.05);SLC2A1表达水平与TNM分期、乙型病毒性肝炎和血管侵犯明显有关(均P<0.05)。单因素分析显示,TNM分期(HR=1.921,95% CI=1.365~1.554,P=0.01)、血管侵犯(HR=1.925,95% CI=1.253~2.958,P=0.003)、乙型病毒性肝炎(HR=1.365,95% CI=0.624~1.654,P=0.029),甲胎蛋白(HR=1.629,95% CI=1.063~2.479,P=0.025)和SLC2A1(HR=1.934,95% CI=1.261~2.965,P=0.002)与患者预后有关,多因素分析表明,血管侵犯(HR=1.657,95% CI=1.036~2.652,P=0.035)和SLC2A1(HR=1.753,95% CI=1.132~2.715,P=0.012)是HCC患者预后的独立危险因素。
肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)是肝癌的主要类型,其发病率呈逐年上升趋势,是最严重的癌症类型之
溶质载体家族2成员1(solute carrier family 2 member 1,SLC2A1)基因编码的葡萄糖转运蛋白1(glucose transporter 1,GLUT1)是一种具有高葡萄糖亲和力的葡萄糖转运蛋白,可通过提高肿瘤细胞的糖酵解能力来促进肿瘤细胞的增
HCC患者SLC2A1的RNA-seq数据来源于癌症基因组图谱数据库(The Cancer Genome Atlas,TCGA)(https://portal.gdc.cancer.gov
用stats[4.2.1]完成SLC2A1的表达分析,ggplot2[3.3.6]包对数据进行可视化。用survival[3.3.1]进行生存分析,并进行比例风险假设检验和拟合生存回归;结果用survminer包以及ggplot2[3.3.6]包进行可视化。
从TCGA数据中提取SLC2A1对应分子的数据。然后,采用DESeq2包对选择的公共数据的原始Counts矩阵进行差异分析。在筛选出差异表达基因后,选取与SLC2A1最密切相关的450个基因,clusterProfiler[4.4.4]包对相关基因进行GO和KEGG富集分析。
TIMER数据库(https://cistrome.shinyapps.io/timer)包括来自TCGA数据库的基因表达谱;用于评估恶性肿瘤中免疫细胞的浸润状态及其临床疗
将肿瘤组织和正常组织样本行免疫组化前,用福尔马林固定、石蜡包埋。将蜡块标本切成4 μm厚的薄片。将样本组织切片进行脱蜡处理,接下来对其进行抗原修复,然后添加内源性过氧化物酶阻断剂用来阻断内源性过氧化物酶活性。阻断抗原后,加入SLC2A1的一抗(Rabbit,1∶1 200,No. abs118441,absin,中国),4 ℃冰箱中孵育过夜;再加入二抗(Rabbit,1∶2 000,No. abs50038,absin,中国)室温下孵育1.5 h;随后加入辣根酶标记链霉亲和素工作液促进抗原抗体结合。最后采用DAB显色试剂盒(ZLI-9018,ZSBIO)和苏木精染色液(BA4097,Baso)染色检测免疫反应细胞。Aipathwel
TCGA数据库中,泛癌RNA-seq数据显示,SLC2A1 mRNA在多种肿瘤中出现高表达(

图1 SLC2A1表达分析 A:SLC2A1 mRNA在泛癌中的表达;B:SLC2A1 mRNA在正常组织和HCC组织中的表达;C:SLC2A1 mRNA在正常组织和HCC组织中表达水平的配对分析;D:不同TNM分期患者SLC2A1 mRNA表达水平;E:HCC组织与癌旁组织SLC2A1表达的免疫组化分析(×40);F:80对HCC组织和癌旁组织SLC2A1免疫组化染色的定量分析
Figure 1 SLC2A1 expression analysis A: Expression of SLC2A1 mRNA in pan-cancer; B: Expression of SLC2A1 mRNA in normal tissues and HCC tissues; C: Paired analysis of SLC2A1 mRNA expression levels in normal and HCC tissues; D: SLC2A1 mRNA expression levels in patients with different TNM stages; E: Immunohistochemical analysis of SLC2A1 expression in HCC tissues and adjacent non-tumor tissues (×40); F: Quantitative analysis of immunohistochemical staining of SLC2A1 in 80 pairs of HCC and adjacent non-tumor tissues
根据免疫组化染色强度将临床样本80例患者平均分为高表达组和低表达组。分析SLC2A1表达水平与HCC临床病理特征之间的关系,结果显示,SLC2A1表达水平与TNM分期(P=0.018)、乙型病毒性肝炎(P=0.004)和血管侵犯(P=0.001)明显有关(
因素 | 低表达(n=40) | 高表达(n=40) | P | 因素 | 低表达(n=40) | 高表达(n=40) | P | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
性别 | 肿瘤数量 | |||||||
女 | 24(60.0) | 17(42.5) | 0.825 | 单发 | 26(65.0) | 27(67.5) | 0.113 | |
男 | 16(40.0) | 23(57.5) | 多发 | 14(35.0) | 13(32.5) | |||
年龄(岁) | AFP(ng/mL) | |||||||
≤60 | 15(37.5) | 13(32.5) | 0.435 | ≤400 | 10(25.0) | 11(27.5) | 0.847 | |
>60 | 25(62.5) | 27(67.5) | >400 | 30(75.0) | 29(72.5) | |||
TNM分期 | 肝功能Child-Pugh分级 | |||||||
Ⅰ/Ⅱ | 21(52.5) | 17(42.5) | 0.018 | A级 | 18(45.0) | 16(40.0) | 0.360 | |
Ⅲ/Ⅳ | 19(47.5) | 23(57.5) | B级 | 12(30.0) | 15(37.5) | |||
乙型病毒性肝炎 | C级 | 10(25.0) | 9(22.5) | |||||
有 | 35(87.5) | 33(82.5) | 0.004 | 肝硬化 | ||||
无 | 5(12.5) | 7(17.5) | 有 | 21(52.5) | 17(42.5) | 0.641 | ||
肿瘤大小(cm) | 无 | 19(47.5) | 23(57.5) | |||||
≤5 | 14(35.0) | 12(30.0) | 0.125 | 血管侵犯 | ||||
>5 | 26(65.0) | 28(70.0) | 有 | 9(22.5) | 7(17.5) | 0.001 | ||
无 | 31(77.5) | 33(82.5) |
首先,通过Kaplan-Meier生存分析研究SLC2A1高表达和低表达患者的总生存期(OS)、疾病特异性生存期(DSS)和无复发间期(PFI)。TCGA数据结果显示,高表达组与低表达组相比具有较差的OS(HR=2.50,95% CI=1.76~3.56,P<0.001)、DSS(HR=2.13,95% CI=1.34~3.37,P=0.001)和PFI(HR=1.42,95% CI=1.05~1.93,P=0.025)(

图2 SLC2A1表达与HCC的预后的关系分析 A:TCGA数据分析;B:临床样本分析
Figure 2 Analysis of the relationship between SLC2A1 expression and HCC prognosis A: TCGA data analysis; B: Clinical sample analysis

图3 SLC2A1表达与HCC各亚组预后的关系
Figure 3 Relationship between SLC2A11 expression and prognosis of HCC subgroups
因素 | 单因素分析 | 多因素分析 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
HR(95% CI) | P | HR(95% CI) | P | |
年龄 | 0.992(0.973~1.011) | 0.405 | — | — |
性别 | 1.700(0.821~3.522) | 0.153 | — | — |
TNM分期 | 1.921(1.365~1.554) | 0.010 | 1.365(1.221~2.365) | 0.055 |
血管侵犯 | 1.925(1.253~2.958) | 0.003 | 1.657(1.036~2.652) | 0.035 |
乙型病毒性肝炎 | 1.365(0.624~1.654) | 0.029 | — | — |
AFP | 1.629(1.063~2.479) | 0.025 | 1.362(0.861~2.157) | 0.187 |
SLC2A1 | 1.934(1.261~2.965) | 0.002 | 1.753(1.132~2.715) | 0.012 |
为进一步探讨SLC2A1在HCC中的生物学功能,分析SLC2A1高表达和SLC2A1低表达样本中的差异表达基因。以|log FC|>2、校正P<0.05为筛选标准,共鉴定出473个差异表达基因(448个基因表达上调、25个基因表达下调);并绘制火山图(

图4 差异表达基因分析 A:火山图;B:热图
Figure 4 Differentially expressed gene analysis A: Volcano plot; B: Heatmap

图5 差异表达基因的富集分析 A:GO富集分析;B:KEGG富集分析
Figure 5 Enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes A: GO enrichment analysis; B: KEGG enrichment analysis
m6A RNA甲基化修饰在HCC的发展中具有重要作用,且富集分析显示大量差异表达基因富集于RNA甲基化。因此,本研究进一步分析TCGA数据库,探讨SLC2A1与20个m6A相关基因在HCC中表达水平之间的相关性。结果显示,SLC2A1表达水平与16个m6A相关基因呈明显正相关,包括METTL3(r=0.225,P<0.01)、WTAP(r=0.355,P<0.01)、VIRMA(r=0.221,P<0.01)、RBM15(r=0.345,P<0.01)、RBM15B(r=0.267,P<0.01)、YTHDC1(r=0.306,P<0.01)、YTHDC2(r=0.159,P<0.01)、YTHDF1(r=0.292,P<0.01)、YTHDF2(r=0.472,P<0.01)、HNRNPC(r=0.316,P<0.01)、IGF2BP1(r=0.143,P<0.01)、IGF2BP2(r=0.204,P<0.01)、IGF2BP3(r=0.343,P < 0.01)、RBMX(r=0.431,P<0.01)、HNRNPA2B1(r=0.338,P<0.01)和FTO(r=0.289,P<0.01)(

图6 SLC2A1表达与m6A RNA甲基化修饰的相关性分析 A:SLC2A1与m6A相关基因的相关性;B-C:m6A相关基因在SLC2A1高低表达组中的差异表达
Figure 6 Correlation analysis between SLC2A1 expression and m6A RNA methylation modification A: Correlation between SLC2A1 and m6A-related genes; B-C: Differential expression of m6A-related genes in high and low SLC2A1 expression groups
免疫细胞浸润是肿瘤微环境的重要组成部

图7 SLC2A1表达与免疫细胞浸润水平的相关性分析
Figure 7 Correlation analysis between SLC2A1 expression and immune cell infiltration levels
糖酵解水平的增加是肿瘤细胞糖酵解代谢的主要特征之
研
迄今为止,关于SLC2A1在恶性肿瘤中的作用机制研究主要集中在糖酵解方面。为进一步研究其在HCC中的生物学功能,首先分析了SLC2A1高低表达组中的差异表达基因。共鉴定出473个差异表达基因,其中448个基因表达上调,25个基因表达下调。随后对与SLC2A1密切相关的基因进行富集分析,发现主要富集于DNA replication、RNA甲基化、P53信号通路,cell cycle信号通路等。m6A RNA甲基化是一种重要的mRNA修饰,在肿瘤增殖和迁移等生物学过程中发挥着非常重要的作
恶性肿瘤中的免疫细胞浸润会影响化疗、放疗、免疫治疗的有效性以及癌症患者的预
综上所述,SLC2A1在HCC中高表达,并且高表达与预后不良相关。SLC2A1有望成为HCC患者不良预后的新型生物标志物。
作者贡献声明
柏斗胜负责论文设计、基金提供;陈勇治负责数据分析、文章撰写等。
利益冲突
所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
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