摘要
肝动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)是中晚期肝细胞癌(HCC)患者的主要治疗方法之一。然而术后的复发率较高,且缺乏有效的监测手段来评估治疗效果和预测复发风险。能谱CT作为一种新兴的影像学技术,能够更全面地反映组织特性,提高对肿瘤的检测能力和诊断准确性。结合血清标志物甲胎蛋白(AFP)和铁蛋白(FER),可能会进一步提高HCC患者TACE术后随访的效果。本研究探讨了能谱CT结合血清AFP和FER在HCC患者接受TACE术后随访中的作用价值。
回顾性收集甘肃省人民医院肿瘤介入科2022年1月—12月93例TACE治疗后采用宝石能谱CT检测的HCC患者的临床资料。分别测量和对比患者动、静脉期残留肿瘤组织、凝固性坏死区和正常肝脏组织的碘浓度(IC),计算各个时相的IC差异(ICD)以及动、静脉期肿瘤组织或凝固性坏死区与正常肝脏组织的病灶对比度(LNR)。并进行血清AFP和FER水平检测。
能谱CT扫描结果显示,动脉期,凝固性坏死区的中位IC为1.41 μg/m
近年来肝癌的致死率逐渐升高,已发展成为全球致死率第三的恶性肿瘤疾
回顾性收集2022年1—12月甘肃省人民医院肿瘤介入科TACE治疗后采用宝石能谱单能量成像(gemstone spectral imaging,GSI)检测的93例HCC患者的临床资料。TACE术后间隔时间为30 d至6个月,患者TACE治疗的次数为1~6次,栓塞剂采用碘油+表柔比星联合聚乙烯醇栓塞微球。CT扫描2周内行介入或血管造影,排除不符合测量要求的资料。
纳入标准:⑴ 符合HCC诊断标

图1 病例入组流程图
采用荷兰Philips Healthcare IQon Spectral CT行腹部动态增强扫描,检查前1 d晚餐后开始禁食,当日清晨空腹,于检查前饮水500~1 000 mL,检查时受试者取仰卧位,自膈顶扫描至双肾下极,获取前后定位后进行腹部扫描,对比剂采用碘克沙醇(含碘320 mg/mL,GE),用量根据患者体质量计算,均为0.9 mL/kg,注射速度为3 mL/s,注射部位选取右侧手背静脉,选择膈肌层面进行smart监测层面扫描,感兴趣区选在降主动脉中心,直径取10 mm,阈值150 HU进行双期扫描,将扫描结果传导至Spectral CT Viewer工作站处理。
IC的测量参数包括IC差异(iodine concentration difference,ICD)和病灶对比度(lesion-to-normal parenchyma ratio,LNR)。⑴ ICD:分别测量动、静脉期正常肝脏组织、肿瘤组织和凝固性坏死区的IC,计算ICD值。⑵ LNR:LNR=IC病灶(肿瘤组织或凝固性坏死区)/IC肝脏组织。
动脉期,凝固性坏死区的中位IC为1.41 μg/m

图2 IC测定结果
凝固性坏死区的中位ICD小于肿瘤组织ICD(0.006 μg/m

图3 ICD测定结果

图4 LNR测定结果
TACE术前FER明显高于术后FER(653.21 ng/mL vs. 287.65 ng/mL),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。TACE术前AFP 345.67 ng/mL,明显高于TACE术后AFP 234.78 ng/mL,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)(
指标 | TACE术前 | TACE术后 | Z | P |
---|---|---|---|---|
FER | 653.21(404.9~789.3) | 287.65(149.1~567.1) | 6.351 | <0.05 |
AFP | 345.67(123.8~567.9) | 234.78(109.6~531.8) | 2.116 | <0.05 |
HCC在国内恶性肿瘤中病死率位居第3位,对于不能进行外科手术治疗的中晚期HCC患者,TACE治疗可起到明显抑制肿瘤病灶生长的作用,并可延长患者的生存
TACE治疗后随访最常见的影像学检查是多排螺旋CT检查。其产生的X线有高能量线束以及低能量线束,低能量射线容易被金属、碘油等遮挡衰减,剩余的高能射线穿透物质后形成射束硬化伪影,严重影响其周围的肿瘤、肝脏和坏死组织的观察效果。因碘油的CT值极高,常规的CT检查对病灶内碘油缺失区的定性诊断较为困难。能谱CT在处理含有高密度物质(如碘油)的图像时,可以有效减少金属伪影和束硬化伪影,从而提高图像质量并增强诊断的准确性。GSI技术利用不同物质对不同能量X射线的独特吸收特性,能够区分和量化不同的物质成分。GSI在提高图像质量、减少伪影以及增强定量分析能力等方面表现出显著的优
找到能够有效评估TACE术后复发风险的生物标记,在临床上及时采取适当的治疗措施是必不可少的。AFP在评估HCC患者预后状况上有重要临床应用价
综上所述,TACE治疗是一种有效的方法,对于不能进行外科手术治疗的中晚期HCC患者,能够明显抑制肿瘤病灶的生长并延长患者的生存期。然而,TACE手术后肿瘤复发的风险仍然存在,因此定期随访和客观评价疗效对于及时调整治疗方案至关重要。本研究通过GSI技术IC测定法联合血清AFP、FER随访TACE术后的HCC患者,发现GSI技术在评估肝脏组织内是否出现新的病灶、原有肿瘤病灶坏死程度以及是否有肿瘤组织残留等方面具有更高的临床诊断价值。同时,血清AFP和FER水平的下降提示了TACE治疗的有效性和预后的改善。这些结果表明,GSI技术IC测定法联合血清AFP、FER可以作为评估TACE术后HCC患者复发风险的有效手段,有助于临床上及时采取适当的治疗措施。
作者贡献声明
张倍宁负责文章撰写;郑宁刚负责实验策划;王江业、颜克松、孙国良、马克文负责数据整理;谢凡、王文娜、马娅琼负责数据收集。
利益冲突
所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
参考文献
Sugawara Y, Hibi T. Surgical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Biosci Trends, 2021, 15(3):138-141. doi:10.5582/bst.2021.01094. [百度学术]
姜树森, 姚红兵, 谭李军. 肝癌术前肝脏储备功能评估方法的应用与研究进展[J].中国普通外科杂志, 2024, 33(1):88-99. doi:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.2024.01.010. [百度学术]
Jiang SS, Yao HB, Tan LJ. Application and research progress of methods of preoperative liver reserve function assessment in liver cancer[J]. China Journal of General Surgery, 2024, 33(1):88-99. doi:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.2024.01.010. [百度学术]
Orlacchio A, Roma S, dell'Olio V, et al. Role of Cone-Beam CT in the intraprocedural evaluation of chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. J Oncol, 2021, 2021:8856998. doi:10.1155/2021/8856998. [百度学术]
穆歌, 冯雯雯, 陈珂, 等. 经肝动脉化疗栓塞术治疗不同类型肝癌的效果[J].临床医学, 2024, 44(3):12-15. doi:10.19528/j.issn.1003-3548.2024.03.004. [百度学术]
Mu G, Feng WW, Chen K, et al. Efficacy of transhepatic arterial chemoembolization on different types of hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Clinical Medicine, 2024, 44(3):12-15. doi:10.19528/j.issn.1003-3548.2024.03.004. [百度学术]
Xie DY, Ren ZG, Zhou J, et al. 2019 Chinese clinical guidelines for the management of hepatocellular carcinoma: updates and insights[J]. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr, 2020, 9(4):452-463. doi:10.21037/hbsn-20-480. [百度学术]
张旋. 能谱CT对TACE治疗原发性肝癌疗效的评估价值与常规CT的对比研究[D]. 石河子: 石河子大学, 2017. DOI: 10.13919/j.issn.2095-6274.2017.04.008 [百度学术]
Zhang X. A comparative study of the effect of CT on the efficacy of TACE in the treatment of primary liver cance and conventional CT[D]. Shihezi: Shihezi University, 2017. DOI: 10.13919/j.issn.2095-6274.2017.04.008 [百度学术]
张永强, 李展展, 段静, 等. 能谱CT联合VEGF预测120例肝癌TACE术后碘油沉积[J]. 安徽医药, 2024, 28(4):714-718. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-6469.2024.04.016. [百度学术]
Zhang YQ, Li ZZ, Duan J, et al. Application of spectral CT combined with VEGF in predicting lipiodol deposition after TACE for 120 cases of liver cancer[J]. Anhui Medical and Pharmaceutical Journal, 2024, 28(4):714-718. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-6469.2024.04.016. [百度学术]
Li XL, Zhu XD, Cai H, et al. Postoperative α-fetoprotein response predicts tumor recurrence and survival after hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma: A propensity score matching analysis[J]. Surgery, 2019, 165(6):1161-1167. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2019.01.009. [百度学术]
Yeo YH, Lee YT, Tseng HR, et al. Alpha-fetoprotein: Past, present, and future[J]. Hepatol Commun, 2024, 8(5):e0422. doi:10.1097/HC9.0000000000000422. [百度学术]
中华人民共和国国家卫生健康委员会医政司. 原发性肝癌诊疗指南(2024年版)[J]. 中国普通外科杂志, 2024, 33(4):475-530. doi:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.2024.04.001. [百度学术]
Department of Medical Administration, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of primary liver cancer(2024 edition)[J]. China Journal of General Surgery, 2024, 33(4):475-530. doi: 10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.2024.04.001. [百度学术]
江奇琦, 曹玉坤, 吴爱兰, 等. 能谱CT多参数成像在肝癌TACE术后随访中的初步研究[J]. 临床放射学杂志, 2018, 37(3):518-523. [百度学术]
Jiang QQ, Cao YK, Wu AL, et al. Evaluation of gemstone spectral imaging in HCC patients after TACE[J]. Journal of Clinical Radiology, 2018, 37(3):518-523. [百度学术]
Fan WZ, Zhu BW, Chen SL, et al. Survival in patients with recurrent intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma: sorafenib plus TACE vs TACE alone randomized clinical trial[J]. JAMA Oncol, 2024, 10(8):1047-1054. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2024.1831. [百度学术]
Dioguardi Burgio M, Sartoris R, Libotean C, et al. Lipiodol retention pattern after TACE for HCC is a predictor for local progression in lesions with complete response[J]. Cancer Imaging, 2019, 19(1):75. doi:10.1186/s40644-019-0260-2. [百度学术]
Feng LH, Zhu YY, Zhou JM, et al. Adjuvant TACE May not improve recurrence-free or overall survival in HCC patients with low risk of recurrence after hepatectomy[J]. Front Oncol, 2023, 13:1104492. doi:10.3389/fonc.2023.1104492. [百度学术]
叶晓华, 周诚, 吴国庚, 等. CT能谱单能量成像对不同肝脏肿瘤检出影响的初步探讨[J]. 中华放射学杂志, 2011, 45(8):718-722. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1201.2011.08.003. [百度学术]
Ye XH, Zhou C, Wu GG, et al. Primary study on the detection of hepatic tumors with spectral CT monochromatic imaging[J]. Chinese Journal of Radiology, 2011, 45(8):718-722. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1201.2011.08.003. [百度学术]
Liu QY, He CD, Zhou Y, et al. Application of gemstone spectral imaging for efficacy evaluation in hepatocellular carcinoma after transarterial chemoembolization[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2016, 22(11):3242-3251. doi:10.3748/wjg.v22.i11.3242. [百度学术]
邢古生, 王爽, 李忱瑞, 等. 宝石能谱CT成像碘含量测定法在肝细胞癌患者经动脉化疗栓塞术后随访中的应用[J]. 中华肿瘤杂志, 2015(3):208-212. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-3766.2015.03.011. [百度学术]
Xing GS, Wang S, Li CR, et al. Value of quantitative iodine-based material decomposition images with gemstone spectral CT imaging in the follow-up of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after TACE treatment[J]. Chinese Journal of Oncology, 2015(3):208-212. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-3766.2015.03.011. [百度学术]
石灿, 彭松, 梁琪. 能谱CT及其联合甲状腺球蛋白检测对良恶性甲状腺结节的诊断价值[J].中国普通外科杂志, 2021, 30(11):1359-1366. doi:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.2021.11.012. [百度学术]
Shi C, Peng S, Liang Q. Diagnostic values of spectral CT and its combination with thyroglobulin detection for benign or malignant thyroid nodules[J]. China Journal of General Surgery, 2021, 30(11):1359-1366. doi:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.2021.11.012. [百度学术]
Xu L, Yu Sun F, Xian Li G, et al. Correlation between spectral CT parameters and Ki67 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Curr Med Imaging, 2024, 20:e15734056227641. doi:10.2174/0115734056227641231004042735. [百度学术]
王占双. 宝石能谱CT成像碘含量测定法在肝细胞癌患者 经动脉化疗栓塞术后随访中的应用[J]. 影像研究与医学应用, 2018, 2(3):68-69. doi:10.3969/j.issn.2096-3807.2018.03.042. [百度学术]
Wang ZS. Application of gemstone spectrum CT imaging Iodine content method in the follow-up of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization[J]. Journal of Imaging Research and Medical Applications, 2018, 2(3):68-69. doi:10.3969/j.issn.2096-3807.2018.03.042. [百度学术]
Choi WS, Chang W, Lee M, et al. Spectral CT-based iodized oil quantification to predict tumor response following chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2021, 32(1):16-22. doi:10.1016/j.jvir.2020.09.020. [百度学术]
Liu X, Meng J, Xu HQ, et al. Alpha-fetoprotein to transaminase ratio is related to higher diagnostic efficacy for hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Medicine (Baltimore), 2019, 98(17):e15414. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000015414. [百度学术]
Tayob N, Kanwal F, Alsarraj A, et al. The performance of AFP, AFP-3, DCP as biomarkers for detection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): A phase 3 biomarker study in the United States[J]. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2023, 21(2):415-423. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2022.01.047. [百度学术]
Ren TY, Hou X, Zhang X, et al. Validation of combined AFP, AFP-L3, and PIVKA Ⅱ for diagnosis and monitoring of hepatocellular carcinoma in Chinese patients[J]. Heliyon, 2023, 9(11):e21906. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21906. [百度学术]
万波, 母齐鸣, 贺伟. 肝细胞癌术后血清AFP、CA19-9、HGF水平对预后状况的影响[J]. 标记免疫分析与临床, 2020, 27(1):114-117. doi:10.11748/bjmy.issn.1006-1703.2020.01.026. [百度学术]
Wan B, Mu QM, He W. The effect of serum AFP, CA19-9 and HGF levels on prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after operation[J]. Labeled Immunoassays and Clinical Medicine, 2020, 27(1):114-117. doi:10.11748/bjmy.issn.1006-1703.2020.01.026. [百度学术]
赵忠清, 胡开闯. 肝动脉栓塞术和肝动脉化疗栓塞术治疗原发性肝癌患者的临床疗效[J].中国药物经济学, 2020, 15(7):87-89. doi:10.12010/j.issn.1673-5846.2020.07.018. [百度学术]
Zhao ZQ, Hu KC. Clinical efficacy of transcatheter arterial embolization and transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in the treatment of patients with primary liver cancer[J]. China Journal of Pharmaceutical Economics, 2020, 15(7):87-89. doi: 10.12010/j.issn.1673-5846.2020.07.018. [百度学术]
李世兴. 肝动脉栓塞介入治疗中晚期肝癌的近期疗效及对患者血浆D-二聚体水平的影响[J]. 临床医学, 2019, 39(2):19-21. doi:10.19528/j.issn.1003-3548.2019.02.007. [百度学术]
Li SX. The short-term efficacy of hepatic artery embolization intervention in the treatment of advanced liver cancer and its impact on plasma D-dimer levels in patients[J]. Clinical Medicine, 2019, 39(2):19-21. doi: 10.19528/j.issn.1003-3548.2019.02.007. [百度学术]
徐武军, 刘城, 尧丽. TACE中应用洛铂对原发性肝癌患者血生化及血清AFP水平的影响[J]. 四川生理科学杂志, 2024, 46(11):2585-2587. [百度学术]
Xu WJ, Liu C, Yao L. Influence of lobaplatin combined with TACE on blood biochemistry and serum AFP and TSGF levels in patients with primary liver cancer[J]. Sichuan Journal of Physiological Sciences, 2024, 46(11):2585-2587. [百度学术]
赵静媛, 李文, 陈展洪, 等. 血清铁蛋白与原发性肝癌预后的相关性分析[J].中华肝脏外科手术学电子杂志, 2021, 10(3):318-321. doi:10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-3232.2021.03.018. [百度学术]
Zhao JY, Li W, Chen ZH, et al. Correlation between serum ferritin and clinical prognosis of patients with primary liver cancer[J]. Chinese Journal of Hepatic Surgery: Electronic Edition, 2021, 10(3):318-321. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-3232.2021.03.018. [百度学术]
Bian ZY, Hann HW, Ye Z, et al. Ferritin level prospectively predicts hepatocarcinogenesis in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection[J]. Oncol Lett, 2018, 16(3):3499-3508. doi:10.3892/ol.2018.9099. [百度学术]
熊晏, 龙黎, 张卿, 等. 联合检测血清铁蛋白和甲胎蛋白在原发性肝癌患者中应用效果的研究[J]. 贵州医药, 2024, 48(8):1195-1197. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-744X.2024.08.005. [百度学术]
Xiong Y, Long L, Zhang Q, et al. Effect of combined detection of serum ferritin and alpha-fetoprotein in patients with primary liver cancer[J]. Guizhou Medical Journal, 2024, 48(8):1195-1197. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-744X.2024.08.005. [百度学术]
李彤, 孙长俭, 张乐. 血清铁蛋白和甲胎蛋白联合检测原发性肝癌的诊断分析[J]. 当代医学, 2021, 27(4):38-40. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-4393.2021.04.013. [百度学术]
Li T, Sun CJ, Zhang L. Diagnostic value of combined detection of serum ferritin and alpha fetoprotein in primary liver cancer[J]. Contemporary Medicine, 2021, 27(4):38-40. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-4393.2021.04.013. [百度学术]
刘巍, 温春阳, 王爱平, 等. 肝癌患者微创治疗前后血清AFP、SF、DCP水平变化与预后的相关性[J]. 中国老年学杂志, 2014(23):6630-6631. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1005-9202.2014.23.042. [百度学术]
Liu W, Wen CY, Wang AP, et al. The correlation between changes in serum AFP, SF, DCP levels and prognosis in liver cancer patients before and after minimally invasive treatment[J]. Chinese Journal of Gerontology, 2014(23):6630-6631. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-9202.2014.23.042. [百度学术]